长生公猪维持能量需要的研究

用6头约克夏和10头汉普夏、杜洛克、丹麦伦德瑞斯共36头小公猪,在其20—100kg 生长阶段内分期进行氮—碳平衔试验和呼吸测热试验各180头次。结果表明,生长公猪每千克代谢体重(W~(0.75))所需的维持能量与体重的一定的幂的倒数成比例。当代谢能转化为体蛋白质能和体脂肪能的效率[k_p和k_f]为0.60和0.80,0.68和0.75,0.56和0.74时,每千克代谢体重所需的维持能量分别为1131W~(-0.20),1307W~(-0.23)和1235W~(-0.25)千焦代谢能或1173W~(-0.20),1356W~(-0.23)和1281W~(-0.25)千焦消化能。建议用 ME_m,KJ/W~(0.75),kg=1307W~(-0.23),kg 作为生长公猪维持需要的公式。     

The effects of dietary fiber level on nutrient digestibility in growing pigs

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of total dietary fiber level on nutrient digestibility and the relationship between apparent total tract digestibility of total dietary fiber, and soluble dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber and available energy. Sugar beet pulp was as the only fiber source. The experiment was designed as a 6 x 6 Latin square with an adaptation period of 7 d followed by a 5-d total collection of feces and urine. Feed intake tended to decrease （P =0.] O） as total dietary fiber level increased. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy decreased （P 〈0.0]） when total dietary fiber increased but the digestibility of soluble dietary fiber and insoluble dietary fiber increased （P 〈0.01）. The digestible energy and metabolizable energy content of diets decreased （P 〈0.01） as the total dietary fiber increased.     

碳酸氢钾对茄子幼苗生长发育的影响

试验以茄子幼苗为试材,确定KHCO3促进茄子幼苗光合速率的最适浓度,以最适浓度研究KHCO3对茄子幼苗生长发育的影响.结果表明:KHCO3促进光合速率的最佳浓度为500 mg/L.KHCO3能提高叶绿素含量,增加叶面积,可溶性糖含量,根、茎、叶的干重,说明KH-CO3能促进光合作用,使光合产物增加.从影响因子看,HCO3对植物的生长发育起主要作用,但K+也有一定的促进作用.     

不同生长年限紫花苜蓿钾吸收与积累规律的研究

以生长2、3、4、5、7年紫花苜蓿为试验对象,对紫花苜蓿钾的吸收、积累及其分配规律进行了研究。结果表明,紫花苜蓿全株钾含量随生育期的推移先降后升,随生长年限的增加而降低;紫花苜蓿各器官的钾含量总体上表现为生殖器官茎叶,叶中钾含量随生育期的变化先降后升,茎中钾含量则持续降低;不同生长年限紫花苜蓿植株体内钾积累速率的峰值均出现在现蕾期～开花期,成熟期植株体内钾的积累量总体上随生长年限的增加而降低;随着生育期的推移,叶中钾的分配比例不断下降,生殖器官中钾的分配比例持续上升,茎中钾的分配比例呈波动变化,成熟期茎、叶、生殖器官钾的积累量比例接近6∶1∶3。     

气候变化对河南省主要农作物生育期的影响

利用河南省7个农业气象观测站1981-2004年冬小麦、夏玉米的生育期观测资料和同期的气象资料,分析了这两种作物主要生育期的变化趋势及对气候变化的响应。结果表明:河南省冬小麦自返青到成熟的各生育期均表现出提前的趋势,其中以拔节期提前最明显;冬小麦全生育期缩短,存在1.3d/10a的总减少趋势;相关分析显示导致冬小麦生育期提前的主要原因是2-5月平均气温的上升和3月日照时数的增加。夏玉米所有生育期都表现出延迟的趋势,以成熟期延迟程度最大;夏玉米全生育期天数呈现出显著增加的趋势,增加速率为2.1d/10a;6-9月总降水量减少是造成夏玉米生育期延迟的主要原因。     

Evaluation of energy values of high-fiber dietary ingredients with different solubility fed to growing pigs using the difference and regression methods

The objective of this study was to compare the energy values of high-fiber dietary ingredients with different solubility (sugar beet pulp [SBP] and defatted rice bran [DFRB]) in growing pigs using the difference and the regression methods. A total of 21 barrows (initial BW, 40.5 ± 1.2 kg) were assigned to 3 blocks with BW as a blocking factor, and each block was assigned to a 7 × 2 incomplete Latin square design with 7 diets and two 13-d experimental periods. The 7 experimental diets consisted of a corn-soybean meal basal diet and 6 additional diets containing 10%, 20%, or 30% SBP or DFRB in the basal diet, respectively. Each of the experimental periods lasted 12 d, with a 7 d dietary adaptation period followed by 5-d total fecal and urine collection. Results showed that the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of the SBP determined by the difference method with different inclusion levels (10%, 20%, or 30%) were 2,712 and 2,628 kcal/kg, 2,683 and 2,580 kcal/kg, and 2,643 and 2,554 kcal/kg DM basis, respectively. The DE and ME in the DFRB evaluated by the difference method with 3 different inclusion levels were 2,407 and 2,243 kcal/kg, 2,687 and 2,598 kcal/kg, and 2,630 and 2,544 kcal/kg DM basis, respectively. Different inclusion levels had no effects on the energy values of each test ingredient estimated by the difference method. The DE and ME of the SBP and the DFRB estimated by the regression method were 2,562 and 2,472 kcal/kg and 2,685 and 2,606 kcal/kg DM basis, respectively. The energy values of each ingredient determined by the regression method were similar to the values estimated by the difference method with the 20% or 30% inclusion level. However, the energy values of the SBP and DFRB estimated by the difference method with the 10% inclusion level were inconsistent with the values determined by the regression method (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the regression method was a robust indirect method to evaluate the energy values for high-fiber ingredients with different solubility in growing pigs. If the number of experimental animals was limited, the difference method with a moderate inclusion level (at least 20%) of the test high-fiber ingredient in the basal diet could be applied to substitute the regression method.     

不同氨基酸平衡模式对生长猪氮代谢的影响

到目前为止人们对氨基酸理想平衡模式进行了大量的研究 ,但将几种典型的ＡＡ模式放在同一条件下进行比较 ,尚未见报道。本研究目的在于比较 4种可消化ＡＡ平衡模式 (ＤＡＡＰ)对生长猪Ｎ代谢和生产性能的影响 ,筛选最佳模式 ,为制定生长猪ＤＡＡ需要量奠定基础。1　材料与方法1 1　试验设计　采用单因素试验设计 ,将 2 0头体重为 47 73± 1 85ｋｇ的健康去势大白×长白杂交公猪随机分为 4组 ,每组设 5个重复 ,进行Ｎ平衡试验 ,研究 4种不同可消化氨基酸平衡模式 (Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ)对试猪Ｎ代谢的影响。Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ 4种模式的可消化赖氨…     

干旱季节日粮中添加益生菌和过瘤胃脂肪酸对饲喂玉米青贮料生长山羊平均日增重和瘤胃代谢的影响

本试验目的在于调查添加益生菌、棕榈油过瘤胃脂肪酸(POBF)和益生菌 POBF对饲喂玉米青贮料的生长山羊平均日增重和瘤胃代谢影响.试验选用了27只约5月龄、体重(13.4±1.3)kg杂交生长山羊(Thai native×Anglo-Nubian),根据完全随机因子试验方法分成9组,进行10周饲养试验.POBF包含0、20和40 g/(goat·d)3个水平,益生菌包含0、2.5和5.0 g/(goat·d)3个水平.结果表明:POBF显著地降低日均干物质采食量(DMI)(P<0.05),益生菌提高DMI(P<0.05),20 g/(goat·d)POBF 益生菌[2.5和5.0 g/(goat·d)]不影响DMI(P>0.05).益生菌和益生菌 POBF显著提高平均日增重(ADG)(P<0.05).益生菌极显著地提高DM和OM消化率(P<0.01),POBF 益生菌显著提高DM和OM消化率(P<0.05).POBF、益生菌、POBF 益生菌均提高CP消化率(P>0.05).益生菌和POBF 益生菌显著提高NDF消化率(P<0.05).益生菌、POBF和益生菌 POBF极显著提高挥发性脂肪酸总量(P<0.01)和丙酸百分比例(P<0.05),降低乙酸百分比例(P>0.05).本试验结果证明:益生菌和POBF都能提高饲喂玉米青贮料的生长山羊ADG和瘤胃代谢水平,添加2.5 g/(goat·d)益生菌和20 g/(goat·d)POBF效果较好,同时添加2.5 g/(goat·d)益生菌和20 g/(goat·d)POBF效果最佳.     

Increased utilization of lengthening growing season and warming temperatures by adjusting sowing dates and cultivar selection for spring maize in Northeast China

Global warming has lengthened the theoretical growing season of spring maize in Northeast China (NEC), and the temperatures during the growing season have increased. In practise, crop producers adjust sowing dates and alternate crop cultivars to take advantage of the lengthening growing season and increasing temperatures. In this study, we used crop data and daily weather data for 1981–2007 at five locations in NEC to quantify the utilization of the lengthening growing season and increasing temperatures by adjusting sowing dates and cultivar selection for spring maize production. If these two positive factors are not fully utilized, then it is important to know the potential impacts of these climatic trends on spring maize grain yields. The results show that in NEC, both the actual and theoretical growing seasons are lengthening, i.e., the sowing dates have been advanced and the maturity dates have been delayed. The actual sowing dates are 1–8 days later and the actual maturity dates are 6–22 days earlier than the theoretical perspective. Advancing sowing dates and changing cultivars led to 0–5 days and 6–26 days extension of the growing season. For the potential thermal time (TT), adjusting the sowing dates decreased the unutilized TT before sowing, while the cultivar selection increased the utilized TT and decreased the unutilized TT after maturity. On average, the unutilized heating resource before sowing is less than that after the maturity date (0.3–1.9% vs. 2.1–7.8%). During 1981–2007, for per day extension of the growing season, the spring maize grain yield increased by 75.2 kg ha⁻¹. The spring maize grain yields have increased by 7.1–57.2% when both early sowing and changing cultivars during 1981–2007. In particular, adjusting the sowing dates increased the grain yield by 1.1–7.3%, which was far less than the increase effect (6.5–43.7%) from switching to late maturing cultivars. Therefore, selecting late maturing cultivars is an important technique to improve maize grain yields in NEC under the global warming context. Nevertheless, if the currently unutilized TT were fully explored, the local spring maize grain yield would have increased by 12.0–38.4%.     

芹菜和结球莴苣春夏季设施幼苗主要生长指标与有效积温研究

以芹菜品种文图拉(西芹)和结球莴苣品种铁人为试材,测定不同苗龄芹菜、结球莴苣幼苗的生长指标及生理指标,研究芹菜和结球莴苣幼苗的生长规律及与有效积温之间的关系。结果表明:芹菜幼苗前期生长缓慢,四叶期后生长速度加快;结球莴苣幼苗子叶期至四叶期快速生长,之后趋缓。芹菜幼苗的叶绿素SPAD值、POD活性呈持续增长的态势,根系活力、CAT活性生长后期趋于平稳;结球莴苣幼苗的叶绿素SPAD值、根系活力、POD活性均呈先增加后降低的趋势,CAT活性先小幅下降、后持续增长,SOD活性出现两次高峰。芹菜育苗阶段的有效积温为949.0℃·d,子叶期和五叶期增幅较大;结球莴苣育苗阶段的有效积温为502.9℃·d,各时期增长平稳。综上,芹菜幼苗适宜的定植时期为四叶期,结球莴苣幼苗适宜的定植时期为五叶期。