Identification of the trisomic series in diploid Solanum tuberosum L. group Tuberosum. II. Trivalent configurations at pachytene stage

Summary By means of pachytene analysis 11 of the 12 possible types of primary trisomics of diploid S. tuberosum have been identified. The typical trivalent configurations for each chromosome are illustrated. Triplo-4,5,7 and 9 occurred more frequently whereas triplo-1 is still lacking in the series. Some of the features of trivalent associations at pachytene are discussed, as also the fact that in the present study only primary trisomics have been found.     

Advantages of Wild Diploid Solanum Species Over Cultivated Diploid Relatives in Potato Breeding Programs

For breeding programs of the tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum), both wild and cultivated diploid relatives are valuable sources of genetic diversity. While both types of germplasm are used in breeding programs, there are several advantages to using wild relatives. Diploid relatives are typically crossed with haploids (2n = 2x = 24) from tetraploid S. tuberosum to improve daylength adaptation. Most haploids are male sterile, so they are typically used as female parents. Cultivated diploids, such as members of the Phureja Group, produce male sterile hybrids when crossed as females to haploids; wild relatives, such as S. tarijense, often produce male fertile hybrids. Tuber yield following crosses of haploids to cultivated or wild relatives is often high. However, cultivated relatives generally produce hybrids with a high set of small tubers; hybrids from wild relatives are variable, but many are similar to cultivars in tuber size and set. While tubers of hybrids from cultivated relatives are typically rough, with deep eyes and raised internodes, those from wild relatives are often smooth. Tuber dormancy in hybrids with cultivated relatives is generally short, while that in hybrids with wild species is longer, allowing for storage over winter. Finally, resistance to several major diseases and stresses has been found in wild species and their hybrids with S. tuberosum haploids. The desirable traits in hybrids are transmitted to tetraploids via unilateral sexual polyploidization (4x × 2x or 2x × 4x crosses in which the diploid parent produces 2n gametes). Wild Solanum species are recommended for use in potato breeding programs as sources of genetic diversity that can be adapted easily following hybridization with S. tuberosum haploids.     

团体心理辅导在大学和谐班级建设中的运用研究

建设和谐班级是高校加强学生教育管理,促进学生健康成长的重要途径.通过理论分析团体心理辅导与和谐班级建设中的联系,提出强化团体心理辅导手段的方法.实施者必需充分发挥团体心理辅导的作用,采取灵活有效的方式强化大学生的团体心理辅导,以提升大学和谐班级建设的成效.     

Neglected landraces of collard (Brassica oleracea L. var. viridis) from the Carolinas (USA)

A common garden crop grown in the coastal plain region of North and South Carolina (United States) is the non-heading, leafy green type of Brassica oleracea L. known as collard (B. oleracea L. subsp. oleracea convar. acephala (DC.) Alef. var. viridis L.). Predominantly a fall and winter vegetable in this region, collard is often the only green planting to be found in the yard or garden of a rural home during these cool seasons. Historically, the traditional collard patch and even commercial fields were planted with unique varieties perpetuated by individual seed savers, and collectively, the regional diversity for this crop was probably very significant for well over a century. Genetic erosion of this collard germplasm pool has been severe in recent decades as commercial hybrids have been adopted by both large-scale producers and home gardeners. Although a significant number of collard landraces are being perpetuated to this day, existing diversity among landraces still grown in the region is now in the hands of an aging population of seed savers who maintain germplasm through on-farm preservation. From 2003 to 2006, we explored the coastal plain region of North and South Carolina in search of collard gardens containing traditional landraces. Exploration trips were conducted mid-winter to early spring. About 90 samples of collard were obtained from seed savers during the course of this exploration. Observations of morphological differences of these landraces indicate that significant diversity exists in this group. Obtained landraces are being deposited into the U.S. plant introduction collection and will be available for future use. This preserved collection could prove to be an important new source of genes for B. oleracea improvement.     

中国省域化肥面源污染时空格局演变与分组预测

减少化肥面源污染的同时保持农业产值持续增长是实现农业产业生态化和农业高质量发展的必然要求。中国各省均制定并实施了化肥零增长行动计划,但进展和成效并不一致,并可能相互影响。论文运用化肥流失系数法对中国1997—2018年31个省(市、自治区)化肥面源污染排放强度进行核算,再运用空间自相关和热点分析对其进行时空格局演变分析,揭示化肥面源污染的时空演变规律,探讨区域间的相互影响。根据时空格局特征将全国分为热点区、冷点区和非热(冷)点区,在考虑相邻省份间空间异质性和相关性的条件下,分组模拟和预测化肥面源污染排放强度与人均农业产值间的环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)时间路径。结果表明:1)化肥面源污染排放强度省际差异较大,表现为空间正自相关,呈集聚模式。热点分析显示,化肥面源污染时空格局相对稳定,热点区主要集中在中南部,长江中下游地区尤其显著,黄淮海地区近年热点程度下降较明显;冷点区主要集中在西部地区和黑龙江。2)基于时空格局分组的环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)趋势模拟表明,各组均存在显著的非线性EKC关系但趋势和拐点差异明显,热点区为"倒U型",冷点区和非热(冷)点区为"倒N型",多数省份正处于曲线上升阶段且距拐点较远。3)产业结构的调整和转移促使区域间存在化肥面源污染空间溢出效应,要从整体上把握区域间的协同治理。根据研究结果,提出热点区应研发推广适用施肥设备,提高化肥利用率;冷点区应保护性耕作,增施有机肥;非热(冷)点区应合理调整农业产业结构,注重种养循环。区域间则应当通过生态补偿、排污权交易等方式实现协同治理。     

荷兰生态（有机）农业对上海农业发展的借鉴

安全高效、资源节约、环境友好型的生态农业生产技术,已成为国际农业领域研究和关注的热点;发展高效生态（有机）农业,以新的强度和效能为长三角和我国现代化农业发展作贡献,是上海社会主义新农村建设的重大战略,是上海现代农业发展的必由之路。荷兰生态（有机）农业发展提供了以下成功经验：以生态学原理指导农业生产,实现生产生态共荣;在...     

Genotypic and environmental effects on selenium concentration of broccoli heads grown without supplemental selenium fertilizer

Selenium (Se) is an important trace element in human nutrition that is essential to normal health. Broccoli is known to accumulate relatively high concentrations of Se, and there is strong evidence that consumption of Se‐enriched broccoli florets decreases cancer risk. In light of the above, this study was conducted to evaluate differences in Se concentration per head and total Se head content for a collection of broccoli hybrids (20) and inbreds (15) grown in field environments without supplemental Se fertilization. Our objectives were to assess the relative importance of genotype vs. environment in affecting Se levels and to determine if Se content is associated with other important horticultural traits. When analysed over three environments, there was a significant genotype effect for Se head concentration with hybrids, but not inbreds, but the environmental effect was about 10 times larger than that for genotype. Total Se content (ng/head) varied significantly among hybrids and inbreds, but as with concentration, environmental effects were also much larger for this trait. Head Se concentrations for hybrids ranged from 52.7 to 84.7 ng/g and total Se accumulation ranged from 563 to 885 ng/head. The same respective traits ranged from 49.3 to 80.0 ng/g and 678 to 876 ng/head for inbreds. There was no correlation between Se head concentration and head dry mass or days from transplant to maturity for either hybrids or inbreds. There was no evidence that Se might be diluted in broccoli heads as mass increases with cultivars that produce dense heads. Results indicate that it should be feasible to combine relatively high Se concentration or content with high head dry matter (DM), a phenotype that broccoli breeders might strive to achieve.     

蹄叶橐吾化学成分及药理活性之研究进展

蹄叶橐吾所含化学成分主要是三萜皂甙,此外还含其它萜类、肽类等;其中一些成分具有抗瘤,抗菌,消炎等活性。对国内外学者分离到的化学成分及其药理活性的研究结果作一综述,为该属植物资源的进一步研究和开发提供参考。     

一种运动部分解耦的2R2T并联机构运动学与性能分析

提出了一种新型四分支并联机构。采用李群理论对机构进行了自由度分析,该机构能输出两转动两移动运动,可由与机架相邻的移动副驱动。研究了机构的位置模型,推导得到了位置反解和正解的表达式,分析了机构的运动部分解耦特性。求解了机构的雅可比矩阵,基于雅可比矩阵行列式讨论了其奇异位形。绘制了机构的工作空间及内部奇异分布,机构的奇异分布在工作空间边缘,具有很大的转动能力。机构在中间位置两个方向的转角范围分别可达-44°～60°和-35°～52°。对机构进行了运动/力传递性能分析,得到了工作空间内的性能分布情况,以全域传递指标为目标对机构进行了尺度优化。     

多芯片组件(MCM)的可测性设计

为克服在线测试技术测试MCM时不能达到满意的故障覆盖率的困难，采用可测性技术对MCM进行设计．根据MCM的特点和测试要求，提出了在JTAG标准基础上扩展指令寄存器，添加专门的用户指令，融合扫描通路法、内建自测试法等可测性方法，分层次地对MCM进行全面测试．建立模型进行验证的结果表明：该方法能有效地测试MCM，缩短了测试时间，故障覆盖率达到95％以上．