扰动强化河道底泥对磷持留能力的研究

以城市河道上覆水和底泥为材料,研究了扰动对底泥持留磷能力的强化作用,并分析了强化机理。结果表明,底泥扰动促进了上覆水中磷向底泥中迁移。与对照试验相比,溶解性磷酸盐（DIP）和总磷（TP）平衡浓度分别降低了73．02％和42．39％;与原底泥相比,扰动试验底泥中溶解性磷酸盐（DIP）的释放量降低了173．77mg·kg^-1,对照试验底泥中DIP的释放量基本保持一致。另外,底泥扰动后,钙结合态磷（Ca—P）含量显著增加,并接近总磷的增加量;而对照试验底泥中,总磷的净增加量比较均匀地分配到弱吸附态磷（NH4Cl-P）、铁结合态磷（Fe—P）、钙结合态磷（Ca—P）中。     

The role of tillage and crops on a soil loss of an arable Stagnic Luvisol

The poor physical, chemical and biological properties make Stagnic Luvisol highly susceptible to water erosion on sloping terrains. The objective of this paper is to estimate the effect of different tillage treatments and crops (maize, soybean, winter wheat, spring barley, oilseed rape) on water erosion. The highest erosion in investigation period (1995–2014) was recorded in the control treatment with fallow, followed by the treatment that involved ploughing and sowing up and down the slope. Significantly, lower soil losses were recorded in no-tillage and treatments with ploughing and sowing across the slope. Regarding the crops significantly higher soil losses were recorded in spring row crops (maize and soybean) compared to high-density winter crops (wheat and oilseed rape) and double crop (spring barley with soybean). In the studied period, an average loss of 46 mm of the plough layer was recorded in the control treatment, while in treatment with ploughing and sowing up and down the slope average annual soil loss was 10 mm. According to the results of this study no-tillage and tillage across the slope are recommended as tillage which preserves soil for the next generations in agro-ecological conditions of continental Croatia.     

Effects of warming and grazing on N2O fluxes in an alpine meadow ecosystem on the Tibetan plateau

A great deal of uncertainty is associated with estimates of global nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions because emissions from arid and polar climates were not included in the estimates due to a lack of available data. In particular, very few studies have assessed the response of N₂O flux to grazing under future warming conditions. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of warming and grazing on N₂O flux at different time scales for three years under a controlled warming-grazing system. A free-air temperature enhancement system (FATE) using infrared heaters and grazing significantly increased soil temperatures for both of growing (average 1.8 °C in 2008) and no-growing seasons (average 3.0 °C for 3-years) within 20-cm depth, but only warming reduced soil moisture at 10-cm soil depth during the growing season during the drought year of 2008. Generally, the effects of warming and grazing on N₂O flux varied with sampling date, season, and year. No interactive effect between warming and grazing was found. Warming did not affect annual N₂O flux when grazing was moderate during the growing season because the tradeoff of the effect of warming on N₂O flux was observed between the growing season and no-growing season. No-warming with grazing (NWG) and warming with grazing (WG) significantly increased the average annual N₂O flux (57.8 and 31.0%) compared with no-warming with no-grazing (NWNG) and warming with no-grazing (WNG), respectively, indicating that warming reduced the response of N₂O flux to grazing in the region. Winter accounted for 36-57% of annual N₂O flux for NWNG and NWG, whereas only for 5-8% of annual N₂O flux for WNG and WG. Soil temperature could explain 5-35% of annual N₂O flux variation.     

HeathMod: a model of the impact of seasonal grazing by sheep on upland heaths dominated by Calluna vulgaris (heather)

The dwarf shrub heather Calluna vulgaris is an important component of the UK landscape, with value for amenity, nature conservation and animal production. A model, called “HeathMod”, is described, which investigates the impact of grazing on upland heather. It combines an empirical model of production with a simple process-based model of grazing impacts. Validation from short-term studies in the literature indicated that the model predicts grazing impacts well, although more studies of grazing impacts are required to confirm the model’s accuracy. Analysis of the model allowed derivation of a simple general formula for predicting sustainable levels of grazing, given knowledge of local site productivity. Predicted levels of sustainable grazing were lower than previous estimates, mainly because the model predicts the long-term impacts of sustained grazing. Application of the model is most appropriate in areas where heather is in mixed-age stands, because there is inadequate information available to model interactions between grazing and degeneration in even-aged stands of heather.     

Maintain Spatial Heterogeneity,Maintain Biodiversity—A Seed Bank Study in a Grazed Alpine Fen Meadow

Wetland degradation is a source of anxiety and is more severe in cold regions than other areas. The soil seed bank acts as a propagule source for revegetation to affiliate the restoration of degraded wetlands. However, the effects of this approach are controversial and depend on the traits of the seed bank and its interactions with the environment. The seed bank in an alpine fen meadow was studied to determine its exact role in revegetation. The surveyed shore of a Tibetan lake, Gahai Lake, was divided into three sites under different levels of grazing pressure. Each site was separated into six transects along a water‐depth gradient to collect soil cores to determine the pattern of biodiversity through a germination experiment in a greenhouse. After an analysis of heterogeneity‐related diversity, partitioning of 58 discovered species indicated that 39.5 could be contributed to beta‐diversity, which was mainly contributed to water depth. Overgrazing (0.607 sheep unit/acre, November—March) decreased seed bank diversity in many respects, especially through decreasing spatial heterogeneity and homogenizing biota. A lightly grazed, well‐protected site had not only the highest beta‐diversity and species abundance but also the highest inter‐site species turnover rate compared with other sites under moderate grazing intensity. Despite the lack of target species, the seed bank serves as (i) a species‐rich pool; (ii) an extant legacy seed source for sustaining heterogeneity and floristic diversity; and (iii) an ecological indicator, and its effect can be reinforced by appropriate grazing practices (multiple intensity) and hydrological modifications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shrub Encroachment Effects on Habitat Heterogeneity and Beetle Diversity in a Mediterranean Coastal Dune System

Coastal dunes are fragile dynamic environments characterised by low productivity and high levels of bare and shifting sands. They are highly threatened by urbanisation and human development. The dunes in Nizzanim Dunes Nature Reserve, Israel, have additionally incurred shrub encroachment following exclusion of grazing and wood extraction from the area. The temporal changes over the last few decades have been monitored in the Nizzanim Long‐Term Ecological Research project and are reflected by spatial heterogeneity. Some dunes are fixed with high plant cover and associated characteristics, while other dunes are still in semi‐fixed and mobile states. Measures of beetle abundance, richness and diversity showed significant differences, among dune states. Cluster analysis and ordination of species composition revealed distinct assemblages for three different states, with more psammophilous species found in mobile dunes than in other dune states. Variation within a dune state was not significant for any dune state, while among states species composition was significantly different, demonstrating high β‐diversity between dune states. Landscape heterogeneity contributes to high β‐diversity and γ‐diversity in the coastal dunes and continued shrub encroachment, and the associated fixation of mobile dunes will lead to habitat homogenisation and a decline in γ‐diversity. This finding highlights the importance of disturbance in dynamic Mediterranean coastal dunes. We recommend a restorative intervention that promotes disturbance and heterogeneity at the landscape level by conserving all three dune states. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Elevated CO2, but not defoliation, enhances N cycling and increases short-term soil N immobilization regardless of N addition in a semiarid grassland

Elevated CO₂ and defoliation effects on nitrogen (N) cycling in rangeland soils remain poorly understood. Here we tested whether effects of elevated CO₂ (720 μl L⁻¹) and defoliation (clipping to 2.5 cm height) on N cycling depended on soil N availability (addition of 1 vs. 11 g N m⁻²) in intact mesocosms extracted from a semiarid grassland. Mesocosms were kept inside growth chambers for one growing season, and the experiment was repeated the next year. We added ¹⁵N (1 g m⁻²) to all mesocosms at the start of the growing season. We measured total N and ¹⁵N in plant, soil inorganic, microbial and soil organic pools at different times of the growing season. We combined the plant, soil inorganic, and microbial N pools into one pool (PIM-N pool) to separate biotic + inorganic from abiotic N residing in soil organic matter (SOM). With the ¹⁵N measurements we were then able to calculate transfer rates of N from the active PIM-N pool into SOM (soil N immobilization) and vice versa (soil N mobilization) throughout the growing season. We observed significant interactive effects of elevated CO₂ with N addition and defoliation with N addition on soil N mobilization and immobilization. However, no interactive effects were observed for net transfer rates. Net N transfer from the PIM-N pool into SOM increased under elevated CO₂, but was unaffected by defoliation. Elevated CO₂ and defoliation effects on the net transfer of N into SOM may not depend on soil N availability in semiarid grasslands, but may depend on the balance of root litter production affecting soil N immobilization and root exudation affecting soil N mobilization. We observed no interactive effects of elevated CO₂ with defoliation. We conclude that elevated CO₂, but not defoliation, may limit plant productivity in the long-term through increased soil N immobilization.     

放牧强度对青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸氧化亚氮释放的影响

依托青藏高原东北隅高寒矮嵩草草甸的5a放牧强度（禁牧、轻度放牧、中度放牧、重度放牧）试验平台,2016年在植物生长季的6-9月,基于静态暗箱-气相色谱法,测定N2O的释放特征及相应的环境、生物因子,探讨放牧强度对高寒草甸N2O释放特征的影响及其内在环境生物驱动机制。结果表明：环境、生物因子中仅表层土壤容积含水量、土壤容重及土壤有机碳含量对放牧强度响应显著（P＜0.05）。高寒草甸N2O释放的季节特征表现出生长季的早期和晚期相对较高的“U”型趋势。禁牧样地N2O释放速率最小,极显著（P＜0.01）低于其它3个放牧样地。高寒草甸N2O释放强度与放牧强度间表现出正相关趋势（R= 0.49, P＜0.01）。相关分析表明,表层土壤温度是高寒草甸N2O释放速率的主要影响因子,但放牧强度改变了土壤温度的影响程度。中短期放牧管理改变了高寒草甸植被生长季N2O释放速率,但未改变其释放的季节特征。禁牧管理提高了土壤温度,进而显著降低植被生长季N2O释放强度。     

蒋家沟流域景观空间格局变化及其干扰效应的模拟分析

 为了探讨干扰对强烈侵蚀小流域的景观空间格局影响,使用1973年航片与2006年快鸟影像及地面调查数据,运用景观多样性、景观优势度、景观均匀度等多种景观格局指数对蒋家沟小流域不同时期景观格局进行研究,并采用分室模型对不同干扰强度对景观格局的影响特征进行模拟分析。结果表明:1973—2006年间蒋家沟流域的景观多样性与优势度未有显著的变化,但均匀度及破碎度发生显著变化,景观格局总体上发生强烈改变。从局部上看,流域主要变化景观为阔叶林、针叶林、灌木林与坡耕地,人为干扰与灾害活动的加强导致景观破碎化加剧。利用分室模型模拟干扰影响景观格局的研究表明,加大干扰强度在短期内可促使景观多样性增加,随着时间的推移,景观多样性将不断降低。     

Biodiversity conservation in human-modified Amazonian forest landscapes

Amazonia (sensu lato) is by far the largest tropical forest region, but has succumbed to the highest absolute rates of tropical deforestation and forest degradation, driven by rapid frontier expansion, road-building, and spontaneous or government-subsidized migration. The large area-through-time and paleo-climatic stability of Amazonian forests may help explain the high regional to local scale plant and animal species diversity of true forest specialists and high ecological sensitivity to contemporary land-use change. We describe the prevailing forms of anthropogenic disturbance that affect forest organisms in the context of the geographic and evolutionary background that has shaped the degree to which forest species may be resilient to environmental change. The fate of Amazonian biodiversity will partly depend upon the interaction between land-use and climate change, and the extent to which seasonally-dry forests can retain immunity against catastrophic recurrent wildfires. This review illustrates the importance of considering interactions between different forms of forest disturbance to develop effective conservation policy. We conclude with some considerations of the policy agenda necessary to protect forest cover and forest biodiversity at a meaningful scale across the Amazonian biome.