天津大神堂海洋特别保护区生境修复初步评价

2012年4月、9月和2013年5月、9月份对渤海湾天津大神堂海洋特别保护区分别进行了大型底栖动物调查,用丰度/生物量比较曲线法分析了6个调查站位的大型底栖动物群落投礁前后受污染扰动的变化状况。结果表明,在调查期间保护区大型底栖动物群落表现出从最初的受到中等程度干扰→趋向于受到干扰→群落状况趋向正常,保护区生态状况已经大有好转,人工生态修复效果初显。     

在放牧干扰下冷蒿种群脯氨酸含量的变化

对放牧干扰下土壤含水量、冷蒿体内含水量、脯氨酸含量变化进行的研究结果表明随着放牧强度的增加土壤含水量降低,冷蒿叶片、根中含水量呈下降趋势。在生长初期,随着放牧强度的增加冷蒿叶片内脯氨酸含量迅速积累;生长盛期脯氨酸含量虽随牧压有所增加,但增加的幅度较小;生长末期脯氨酸含量较高,而且随着牧压的增加略有下降。地下部分,脯氨酸含量在牧压梯度间变化较小。相关分析表明,在生长初期和盛期,冷蒿叶片、根的含水量与土壤含水量呈正相关,生长末期不相关。冷蒿脯氨酸含量与植物的含水量呈负相关,在生长初期和末期呈显著负相关,而生长盛期相关不显著;与此不同,在生长初期冷蒿体内脯氨酸含量与土壤含水量呈负相关,在生长末期二者负相关性不显著,这说明随着放牧干扰强度的增加土壤含水量降低,导致冷蒿体内水分胁迫增加,致使脯氨酸开始逐渐积累。而生长末期的降温和群落中植物种间竞争减少,使脯氨酸的积累速度也相应放慢。在放牧干扰下,脯氨酸大量积累,对冷蒿的生存和生长起到了重要的作用,是冷蒿种群耐啃食、耐践踏、逐渐取代禾本科植物而成为退化草原的优势植物的生理基础之一。     

Nutrient addition and disturbance effects on the community composition and assembly in a desert steppe北大核心CSCD

The effects of short-term nutrient additions (NPKμ, 10 g·m- 2) and disturbances on the species diversity, functional traits, soil properties, and community assembly mechanisms of the herbaceous community in the Urat desert steppe were examined. A mixed linear model, principal component analysis, and null model methods were utilized and both disturbance and interaction treatments were found to significantly reduce species richness and β diversity. Short-term nutrient additions significantly reduced soil pH but increased soil electrical conductivity. Six functional traits of the dominant species (i.e. Stipa glareosa, Peganum harmala, Salsola collina, Corispermum mongolicum) and six community-weighted mean significant changes under the disturbance and nutrient addition treatments were identified. The disturbance and nutrient additions promoted the transformation of the dominant species in the community from conservative strategies to acquisitive strategies. The results of the two null models revealed that community assembly under the control tended to be a stochastic process, while the disturbance and interaction treatments tended to be deterministic processes, and that of the nutrient addition treatments tended to be weaker deterministic processes. Plant communities in the desert steppe responded and adapted to the nutrient additions and disturbances through changes in the dominant species and their crucial functional traits. © 2023 Chinese Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.     

短花针茅草原上放牧强度对绵羊生产性能的影响

1985～1989年在内蒙古农牧学院哈雅教学牧场选用杂种羯羊在短花针茅草原上进行放牧强度试验，分析各处理对绵羊生产性能的影响，旨在探讨放牧强度与绵羊生产之间的关系，确定适宜的载畜率。研究结果表明，轻度放牧的绵羊体重显著高于中度和重度放牧（P＜0．01）；放牧期间轻度放牧绵羊的总增重量显著高于重度放牧（P＜0．01），各处理间绵羊掉源量无明显差异（P＞0．05）；轻度放牧绵羊净毛量显著高于中度和重度放牧（P＜0．01），而两者之间净毛量无显著差异（P＞0．05）；经济效益分析表明，载畜率为1．07ha／只·年的中度放牧是最为经济合理的放牧强度。     

放牧和模拟降水对短花针茅荒漠草原植物功能群多样性的影响

为探究放牧和降水变化对植物功能群的影响,本文以内蒙古短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原为研究对象,开展了野外控制试验。试验设置围封和适度放牧,分别进行模拟降水处理(减少降水量50%、自然降水、增加降水量50%、增加降水量100%),并在每年8月观测植物群落组成。结果表明：减水会降低植物功能群多样性、生物量和物种数量,增水有利于植物功能群多样性的提高。多年生丛生禾草多样性随降水量的增加而升高。同时,对降水梯度和功能群多样性进行拟合分析发现,降水量低于年降水量16%则不利于除灌木、半灌木外其他功能群植物的生长。围封草地增水67%～79%时,功能群的Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数值均较高,功能群多样性较高;由于放牧提高了植物的水分利用效率,放牧地各指数在增水26%～50%时较高,功能群多样性较高。综上,适度的放牧及水分补充有利于提高植物功能群多样性。     

Stable carbon isotopes accurately predict diet selection by sheep fed mixtures of C3 annual pastures and saltbush or C4 perennial grasses

The stable carbon isotope technique has been widely used to infer the dietary ecology of a range of animal species; however calibration of the technique with animals fed known diets is essential for accurate back-calculation of dietary preferences. The aim of this study was to identify suitable samples and back-calculation methods to predict short-term (2 to 3 week) dietary selection by sheep among plants with C₃ and C₄ photosynthetic pathways. Variation in integration time of dietary carbon into plasma and faeces; diet-tissue discrimination of carbon isotopes (fractionation) and the importance of accounting for the digestible or indigestible components of the diet was investigated. The results indicate that faecal and rumen samples provided the most accurate prediction of short term dietary changes in sheep selecting between C₃ and C₄ plants. The most accurate back-calculation method for these samples used δ¹³C of the C₃ and C₄ plants and accounted for both diet-tissue discrimination and differences in the indigestibility between the C₃ and C₄ forage. For faecal samples, the organic matter content of the diet originating from C₄ plants could be predicted with a mean error as low as 2.7%. Wool and plasma samples were not conducive to predicting proportion of C4 forage in the diet within 18 days after a change in diet; however plasma could be used to discriminate between animals fed 100% C₃ and C₄ diets after 3 days. The δ¹³C technique provides a valuable tool for researchers when designing pastures for dual environmental and production purposes. An understanding of what sheep select allows for development of appropriate grazing management strategies to optimise productivity and/or persistence of target species.     

减少运输组织对机车能耗影响的建议

本文分析了引起南宁铁路局内燃、电力机车能源消耗同比上升的原因,提出优化列车运行方案及运输调度指挥,减少单机、欠轴列车的开行和机外停车,以及提高机车乘务员的操纵水平、科学合理进行防关折操作、加强机车能耗分析等措施,以进一步降低铁路运输成本支出。     

扬州瘦西湖公园绿地空间格局与结构的量化研究

采用遥感图像判读和野外调查相结合的方法,定量分析扬州瘦西湖公园绿地的空间格局及植物群落的物种结构。结果表明:扬州瘦西湖公园共有绿地斑块230个,而斑块形状指数Ips≥1.50的绿地斑块为105个,绿地斑块形状受人为干扰程度较大。绿地景观类型较多,多样性指数较高。植被的生长状况良好;物种丰富,其中垂柳、桃、意杨、枫杨在树木株数和相对优势度上均占优势;植被在高度和胸径上的分布均表现为具有向上发展的潜力,属于发挥生态效益的最佳时期。扬州瘦西湖公园的树种多度与基于叶面积的相对优势度之间无明显关联,数量上占优势的树种,其相对优势度不一定很高。植被树木株数与不同树高等级间的分布关系表现为随着树木高度级的增加,树木株数相应减少;树木株数分布与不同胸径等级间的关系也呈现类似的情况。     

Short‐term effects of cattle‐to‐sheep ratio and stocking rate on patch grazing in sour grassveld

Abstract

The short‐term effects of stocking rate (AUE ha^?1) and cattle‐to‐sheep ratio on the extent and severity of patch grazing and on patch size were evaluated. The extent of patch grazing was proportional to stocking rate, and livestock species had a small but significant effect. Patch size was also a function of stocking rate. Cattle and sheep had similar effects on patch size distribution when stocked at the same number of AUE ha^?1. The severity of grazing within a patch was influenced by both stocking rate and cattle‐to‐sheep ratio. Recommendations that cattle should be grazed together with sheep and that cattle should be in greater proportion (in terms of AUE ha^?1) than sheep, which are aimed at limiting the severity of grazing by sheep, are supported. However, severe grazing within patches is an inevitable consequence of sheep grazing irrespective of the stocking rate or cattle‐to‐sheep ratio applied.     

干旱矿区不同干扰强度下土壤种子库特征

土壤种子库是矿区植被恢复的重要因素,其特征在一定程度上反映了区域的植被恢复潜力.本研究通过样地调查和室内萌发法对乌海新星煤矿区3种不同干扰条件下的土壤种子库及与其地表植被之间的关系进行分析.结果表明:1)新星矿区土壤种子库共有18种植物,隶属于7科16属,物种生活型以多年生草本植物为主;2)新星矿区土壤种子库平均储量较...