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51.
This review focuses on the effects of freezing storage on the microstructure and baking performance of frozen doughs, and provides an overview of the activities of dough improvers, including emulsifiers, hydrocolloids and other improvers used in frozen dough applications. The overall quality of bread baked from frozen dough deteriorates as the storage of the dough at sub-zero temperatures increases due to several factors which are discussed. Lipid-related emulsifiers such as diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono and diglycerides and sucrose esters employed as anti-staling agents, dough modifiers, shortening sparing agents, and as improvers for the production of high-protein bread have also been employed in frozen doughs. Hydrocolloids are gaining importance in the baking industry as dough improvers due to their ability to induce structural changes in the main components of wheat flour systems during breadmaking steps and bread storage Their effects in frozen doughs is discussed. Other dough improvers, such as ascorbic acid, honey and green tea extract, are also reviewed in the context of frozen doughs. 相似文献
52.
土地利用转型与农业生产结构调整密切相关,具有互馈关联和交叉耦合的重要特征。如何认知其过程的网络关系已成为响应快速城镇化和乡村转型的一个重要话题,也是乡村振兴所关注的农村焦点问题之一。本文利用四川省土地利用和农村经济统计数据,分析了土地利用转型与农业生产结构调整的特征以及网络关联性。研究结果表明:1)1980—2018年期间,草地和水田减少的面积最多,其土地利用变化率分别为-0.72%和-0.64%,而城乡、工矿、居民用地和林地呈大幅增加,同时粮食作物产量占比大幅下降,而蔬菜产量占比增加了20.43%;2)土地利用转型与农业生产结构调整两大系统之间互馈关联的特征突出,尤其是林地和水域面积的变化同相对应的农产品变化表现出高度的关联性,而旱地变化的关联性具有分异性,突出了当前农业结构由粮食向蔬菜与经济作物转型的趋势;3)四川省五大经济区的土地利用转型与农业生产结构调整网络关联性的空间分布格局差异显著,表现为区域农业发展的主导产品与用地类型相互之间的影响关系最突出,而其余相对较弱。 相似文献
53.
SUN Yu-sheng LIN Bo WANG Si-qian LIU Yue ZHANG You-jing ZHENG Nai-rui HUANG-FU Chao-shen 《园艺学报》2014,30(1):77-84
AIM:To evaluate the effect of chronic alcohol intake on the histopathological changes of the liver and to determine the contribution of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to hepatic fibrogenesis. METHODS:Thirty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups as following: the mice in control group was given (ig) water; the mice in low-dose alcohol group (2.0 g·kg -1·d -1) and high-dose alcohol group (4.0 g·kg -1·d -1) were given (ig) alcohol for 5 months. Alcohol-induced histopathological changes of the liver or development of hepatic fibrosis were evaluated using the histological methods with HE and Masson trichrome staining. The apoptosis of the liver was detected by TUNEL fluorometric staining (counterstained with DAPI). The activity of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was measured by an automated biochemical analyzer. The expression of fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP-1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and E-cadherin in the hepatic tissues was detected by immunofluorescence examination. The protein levels of E-cadherin, α-SMA, FSP-1, transforming growth factor β 1 (TGF-β 1) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS:Compared with control, the activity of serum ALT and AST, and apoptotic index of liver tissues were increased in the mice treated with alcohol for 5 months. The histopathological changes of the livers in the mice of low-dose alcohol group included steatosis and mild liver fibrosis, while severe liver fibrosis was observed in the high-dose alcohol-treated mice. Chronic alcohol consumption induced the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and the decreases in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the livers. It also reduced E-cadherin expression and increased α-SMA expression. FSP-1 immunostaining and albumn immunostaining positive cells were co-localized in the hepatocytes of low-dose alcohol group, but only FSP-1 positive hepatocytes were observed in high-dose alcohol group. Chronic alcohol consumption decreased E-cadherin expression and increased α-SMA, FSP-1, TGF-β 1 and HIF-1α expression in a dose-dependent manner, but the HIF-1α expression was not altered between the 2 alcohol-treated groups. CONCLUSION:Chronic alcohol intake induces the progression of hepatic fibrosis. Some fibroblasts derive from hepatocytes in liver fibrosis via EMT. The underlying mechanism is associated with the changes of the redox state, and increased TGF-β 1 generation and HIF-1α expression. 相似文献
54.
AIM:To investigate the effects of siRNA targeting integrin-linked kinase (ILK) on the expression of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and β-catenin during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cell line HKC induced by high glucose. METHODS:HKC cells were divided into 4 groups:normal glucose (NG) group, high glucose (HG) group, HG+HK (a vector containing the non-specific siRNA designed as negative control) group and HG+ILK siRNA group. The inverted fluorescence microscope was used to examine the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). The expression of ILK at mRNA and protein levels was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. The expression of p-GSK-3β and β-catenin was observed by immunocytochemical staining. The protein expression of total GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β, nuclear β-catenin, total β-catenin, E-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was measured by Western blotting. RESULTS:GFP was observed in HKC cells, indicating that the transfection was successful. Both the protein and mRNA of ILK were down-regulated in HG+ILK siRNA group compared with HG group and HG+HK group, but still higher than those in NG group. Silencing of ILK down-regulated the expression of p-GSK-3β and nuclear β-catenin. No difference of total GSK-3β or total β-catenin was observed among the 4 groups. CONCLUSION:These data support a functional role of ILK, GSK-3β and β-catenin in tubular EMT induced by high glucose. ILK may promote tubular EMT by regulating the activity of GSK-3β and β-catenin, the downstream effectors of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. 相似文献
55.
淡水养殖梭鱼的人工繁殖机理 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
1982~1986年;作者采用外源药理学方法,使淡水养殖梭鱼(S‰0.297-0.569)克服了“淡水不育症”,雌鱼性腺成熟率85%以上,完全取代了“海水过渡”。在人工催产中又克服了排卵机制的障碍及胚胎对环境的不适应,并对梭鱼亲鱼血清激素含量进行放射免疫(RIA)测定及电子显微镜对梭鱼脑垂体亚显微结构进行观察。提出梭鱼存在血脑屏障。 相似文献
56.
目的:探讨广东省大学生生活方式现状,分析其特点及社会学原因。方法:采用自制的大学生生活方式问卷,调查了广东省12所高校2136名大学生。结果:广东省大学生生活方式总均分为3.55±0.42。生活方式7个维度中,得分居前的是生命欣赏和饮食营养两个维度,居后的是运动锻炼和性健康两个维度。结论:(1)广东省大学生活方式总体处于中等水平;(2)性别、是否独生子女对大学生生活方式总得分均无显著影响,但在具体维度上存在影响;(3)从大一到大三,大学生生活方式呈下降趋势,但大四时有所回升;(4)家庭收入、居住地、父母文化程度对子女生活方式存在有限影响。 相似文献
57.
无线射频识别技术(RFID)的实施,使图书馆实现了智能化和自动化管理,在此新的管理模式下,图书馆的馆员角色需要重新定位。本文介绍了RFID自助借还系统的优势,分析、探讨了新技术环境下图书馆馆员角色的转换。 相似文献
58.
庞娟 《金陵科技学院学报》2014,(1):41-46
应用分子动力学方法模拟了聚合度为100的聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺分子链在真空和稀水溶液中的构象转变。可以观察到分子链在500K下逐渐发生蜷缩,末端距下降,与实验现象定性一致。此外,研究结果还表明,随着温度的升高,高分子链重复结构单元NiPA上(C)O和(N)H基团均发生明显的去溶剂化作用,且高分子链段间发生聚集。 相似文献
59.
Coexistence of anadromous and lacustrine life histories of the shirauo, Salangichthys microdon 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The environmental history of the shirauo, Salangichthys microdon, was examined in terms of strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) uptake in the otolith, by means of wavelength dispersive X‐ray spectrometry on an electron microprobe. Anadromous and lacustrine type of the shirauo were found to occur sympatric. Otolith Sr concentration or Sr : Ca ratios of anadromous shirauo fluctuated strongly along the life‐history transect in accordance with the migration (habitat) pattern from sea to freshwater. In contrast, the Sr concentration or the Sr : Ca ratios of lacustrine shirauo remained at consistently low levels throughout the otolith. The higher ratios in anadromous shirauo, in the otolith region from the core to 90–230 μm, corresponded to the initial sea‐going period, probably reflecting the ambient salinity or the seawater–freshwater gradient in Sr concentration. The findings clearly indicated that otolith Sr : Ca ratios reflected individual life histories, enabling these anadromous shirauo to be distinguished from lacustrine shirauo. 相似文献
60.
Takashi Kitagawa Shingo Kimura Hideaki Nakata Harumi Yamada 《Fisheries Oceanography》2004,13(3):161-180
Twenty‐four archival tags were recovered from Pacific bluefin tuna previously released off Tsushima Island in the East China Sea. By analysis of the time‐series data of the pressure and the ambient and internal temperature from the 24 tags, we examined the relationship between the tuna's pattern of diving and the thermocline depth. In the East China Sea, diving and feeding events occurred throughout almost the entire day in both winter and summer, suggesting that the purpose of diving is for feeding. In summer, the feeding frequency was greater than that in winter, which corresponds to the fact that growth is more rapid in summer than in winter. During summer in the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region, on the other hand, feeding events were much more frequent than those in the East China Sea, in spite of a lower diving frequency. The mean horizontal distance traveled was also significantly higher and it seems that in this area they may move horizontally to feed on prey accumulated at the surface. We conclude that, in addition to the ambient temperature structure, the vertical and horizontal distribution of prey species plays an important role in the feeding behavior of Pacific bluefin tuna. One bluefin tuna migrated to the Oyashio frontal area, where both the horizontal and the vertical thermal gradients are much steeper. The fish spent most of the time on the warmer side of the front and often traveled horizontally to the colder side during the day, perhaps to feed. This implies that there is a thermal barrier effect, in this case from the Oyashio front, on their behavior. The frequency of feeding events was low, although all the monitored fish dived every dawn and dusk, irrespective of the seasons or location. It is possible that these twice‐daily diving patterns occurred in response to the change in ambient light at sunrise and sunset. 相似文献