Propagation of yellow grouper nervous necrosis virus (YGNNV) in a new nodavirus-susceptible cell line from yellow grouper, Epinephelus awoara (Temminck & Schlegel), brain tissue

A nodavirus was isolated from diseased yellow grouper, Epinephelus awoara , larvae cultured in southern Taiwan. The histopathology and RT–PCR results confirmed that it was a fish nodavirus; its coat protein gene sequence was similar to that of red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) and it is named yellow grouper nervous necrosis virus (YGNNV). A new nodavirus-susceptible cell line, grouper brain (GB) was established and characterized from the brain tissue of yellow grouper. The GB cells multiplied well in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum at temperatures between 24 and 32 °C, and have been subcultured more than 80 times, becoming a continuous cell line. The GB cell line consists of fibroblast-like cells and some epithelioid cells. The cell line yielded titres of YGNNV up to 10^8.5 TCID₅₀ mL^–1. The GB cells effectively replicated the virus at 28 °C, which could be purified to homogeneity by caesium chloride gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopy studies showed that purified virus particles were 25–30 nm in diameter. The cytoplasm of infected cells was filled with aggregates of virus particles. These results indicate that the GB cell line is a significant tool for the study of fish nodaviruses.     

The first report of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia in farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), in the United Kingdom

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) was diagnosed in rainbow trout in the UK in May 2006. VHS virus (VHSV) was isolated from fingerlings showing typical histopathological lesions at a single rainbow trout farm site experiencing high mortality. The virus was confirmed as VHSV by serological and molecular biological tests. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete glycoprotein gene sequence revealed that the isolate was closely related (99% nucleotide identity) to several Danish isolates from 1991 to 2000 and was assigned to VHSV genogroup Ia. The pathogenicity of the isolate was determined in infection experiments using rainbow trout fry. Following waterborne challenge, cumulative mortalities reached 96.67-100% by 12 days post-infection. This represents the first isolation of a pathogenic freshwater VHSV in the UK.     

水稻条纹病毒分子生物学研究进展

水稻条纹病毒(Rice stripe virus,RSV)是最重要的水稻病毒之一,给水稻生产造成了严重损失。它隶属于纤细病毒属,是该属的典型成员。其基因组由4条单链负义RNA基因组片段组成,根据序列分析和试验证据推测共可编码7个病毒蛋白。围绕近年来国内外有关RSV粒子特点、基因组和病毒蛋白的研究进展作一简要综述,并提出了RSV研究过程中涉及到的一些问题。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒E0基因重组表达质粒pMG36e-E0的构建与免疫原性分析

利用SacⅠ、HindⅢ限制性内切酶分别对pMG36e与pMD19-T-E0进行双酶切,将目的基因E0整合入穿梭表达载体pMG36e,构建牛病毒性腹泻病毒E0基因重组表达质粒pMG36e-E0。提取重组质粒pMG36e-E0,进行双酶切鉴定及PCR鉴定。将阳性重组质粒pMG36e-E0转化到大肠杆菌DH5α中进行表达,对表达产物进行SDSPAGE和Western-blotting鉴定。用表达的E0蛋白二次免疫家兔,间接ELISA法检测其血清抗体水平。结果,重组质粒经双酶切得到大小分别约为3 600、691bp的2个片段,PCR扩增出691bp的片段,双酶切与PCR鉴定结果表明目的基因E0正确插入到载体pMG36e中。SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明E0基因在大肠杆菌获得了表达,表达产物相对分子质量大小约为27 000。Western-blotting分析结果证明表达产物能被BVDV阳性血清所识别。ELISA检测结果证明表达的E0融合蛋白能刺激动物产生抗体,具有天然蛋白的免疫原性。     

Viral deubiquitinases and innate antiviral immune response in livestock and poultry

Among many of the pathogens, virus is the main cause of diseases in livestock and poultry. A host infected with the virus triggers a series of innate and adaptive immunity. The realization of innate immune responses involves the participation of a series of protein molecules in host cells, including receptors, signal molecules and antiviral molecules. Post-translational modification of cellular proteins by ubiquitin regulates numerous cellular processes, including innate immune responses. Ubiquitin-mediated control over these processes can be reversed by cellular or viral deubiquitinases (DUBs). DUBs have now been identified in diverse viral lineages, and their characterization is providing valuable insights into virus biology and the role of the ubiquitin system in host antiviral mechanisms. In this review, we briefly introduce the mechanisms of ubiquitination and deubiquitination, present antiviral innate immune response and its regulation by ubiquitin, and summarize the prevalence of DUBs encoded by viruses (Arteriviridae, Asfarviridae, Nairoviridae, Coronaviridae, Herpesviridae, and Picornaviridae) infecting domestic animals and poultry. It is found that these DUBs suppress the innate immune responses mainly by affecting the production of type I interferon (IFN), which causes immune evasion of the viruses and promotes their replication. These findings have important reference significance for understanding the virulence and immune evasion mechanisms of the relevant viruses, and thus for the development of more effective prevention and treatment measures.     

Serological relationships among subgroups in bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 1 (BVDV-1)

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has various economic impacts associated with diarrhea, poor performance, an increase in the frequency of other infections and lethal outcomes. Both genotypes, namely BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, as well as different subgroups within these genotypes have been reported worldwide. Understanding the serological differences among the BVDV subgroups is important for disease epidemiology and prevention as well as vaccination programs. The aim of this study was to determine the serological relatedness among the subgroups in BVDV-1. For that purpose, sheep hyperimmune sera were collected against representative strains from 6 of the subgroups of BVDV-1 (BVDV-1a, -1b, -1d, -1f, -1h and -1l). The serum samples that gave the peak antibody titer to the homologous strains were used to perform cross neutralization assays. The highest homologous antibody titer (1:5160) was obtained against BVDV-1h. Regarding the cross neutralizing (heterologous) antibodies, the lowest titer (1:20) was produced by the BVDV-1f antiserum against the BVDV-1a and BVDV1-b viruses. The highest cross neutralizing titer (1:2580) achieved by the BVDV-1h antiserum was against the BVDV-1b strain. The cross neutralization results indicated particular serological differences between the recently described subgroup (BVDV-1l) and BVDV-1a/-1b, which are widely used in commercial vaccines. Considering the cross neutralization titers, it is concluded that selected BVDV-1l and BVDV-1h strains can be used for the development of diagnostic and control tools.     

山东寿光地区Q型烟粉虱对番茄褪绿病毒的传播

为明确山东寿光地区Q型烟粉虱对番茄褪绿病毒(Tomato chlorosis virus,To CV)感病流行的影响及其传毒特性,于2014年调查了该地区设施番茄上烟粉虱种群动态与To CV发病情况,利用特异引物对烟粉虱体内To CV进行了RT-PCR检测;并在室内测定了带毒Q型烟粉虱取食时间和种群数量对To CV感病株率的影响。结果表明,在番茄发病植株上采集的烟粉虱种群体内可检测到To CV;春茬番茄To CV发病株率随烟粉虱种群数量增加而逐渐升高,4—6月是To CV发生高峰期,6月22日发病株率达100%;秋茬番茄烟粉虱种群数量从10月下旬明显下降,而To CV发病株率升高,11月12日发病株率达100%;室内试验表明,To CV感病株率随着带毒Q型烟粉虱数量与取食时间的增加而明显升高。研究表明,Q型烟粉虱能有效传播To CV,且其种群数量对To CV发病株率存在显著影响,可通过防控烟粉虱以控制To CV的危害。     

蛋鸡感染 H9N2 AIV 后输卵管不同部位病毒的分布及病理组织学观察

为探索 H9N2 AIV感染蛋鸡致输卵管功能异常的机理,对蛋鸡感染 H9N2亚型 AIV后输卵管不同部位病毒载量与病理变化进行检测与观察。以 H9N2亚型 AIV 人工感染非免疫蛋鸡,在感染后3、5、7 d 分别采取鸡输卵管组织,real-time PCR 检测感染鸡输卵管组织中 AIV 病毒载量,同时 HE 染色后观察病理组织学变化。结果表明,real-time PCR 从鸡输卵管膨大部、峡部、子宫部和阴道部均检出了禽流感病毒,其中以膨大部和子宫部病毒载量最高,分别达5．27×104拷贝／μL±3．55×103拷贝／μL 和5．52×10 4拷贝／μL±3．14×103拷贝／μL。组织病理学观察发现蛋鸡感染 H9N2亚型 AIV 后输卵管膨大部、峡部和子宫部病变明显。观察到上皮细胞脱落坏死,炎性细胞浸润腺体,腺体间隙变大甚至溶解,腺体组织充血出血。本研究证实蛋鸡感染 H9N2亚型 AIV 后输卵管组织中 AIV 病毒载量与其病理变化存在明显的正相关。     

鸭甲型肝炎病毒1型3D基因克隆与表达

提取鸭甲型肝炎病毒1型（DHAV-1）RNA作为模板,进行RT-PCR扩增,得到714bp的3D基因,将纯化的3D基因片段与pMD18-T载体进行连接,构建DHAV-13D基因克隆重组质粒。然后定向插入到pET-32a（＋）表达载体,筛选获得原核表达载体pET-32a-3D。经ITPG诱导,SDS-PAGE分析表明,3D基因得到正确表达,融合蛋白分子量为71.4kDa。Western blotting结果表明纯化的融合蛋白与DHAV-1阳性血清具有反应性。     

猪源牛病毒性腹泻病毒的流行初探

根据牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)代表株NADL的NS5B基因序列,设计合成2对引物进行套式PCR,检测从浙江、安徽、湖南、江西、广西、辽宁等地采集的43份猪病料中BVDV的流行情况,结果有7份病料可以扩增出360bp的特异性条带,阳性率为16.3%。为追踪BVDV在猪体中的流行来源,我们又对细胞培养用国产及进口犊牛血清进行了检测,结果也能扩增到目的条带。对这些病料和血清中扩增出的目的条带进行克隆、测序,并用DNASTAR软件分析,结果表明这些目的片段均为BVDV序列,这些不同BVDV序列可以分为两个亚群,ZJ133、HN386、LN247、NCS-J属于BVDV-Ⅰa亚型,ZJ114、AH138、JX60、GX96、NCS-G、DZ属于BVDV-Ⅰb亚型。这些毒株与BVDVI型间的同源性为80.3%-98.6%,与BVDV-Ⅱ型的同源性为72.2%-74.4%。本文研究结果说明我国猪群中BVDV感染情况已经比较严重,应该予以重视。