盐度胁迫对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)鳃中游离氨基酸含量的影响

本研究分析了不同盐度环境下三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)鳃组织中游离氨基酸(FAAs)的含量及浓度变化规律,明确 FAAs 的组成及其在盐度适应中发挥的功能。结果显示,在正常海水中,三疣梭子蟹鳃组织中牛磺酸(Tau)的浓度最高(2.54 mg/g),其次分别为丙氨酸(Ala,0.65 mg/g)、谷氨酸(Glu,0.64 mg/g)、精氨酸(Arg,0.58 mg/g)、甘氨酸(Gly,0.48 mg/g)和脯氨酸(Pro,0.25 mg/g);在盐度10–50范围内,梭子蟹鳃中总游离氨基酸(TOFAA)的含量随盐度的增加而显著升高(P<0.05),盐度50时,TOFAA 的含量为盐度10时的1.48倍。进一步分析发现,非必需氨基酸(NEAA)(Gly、Glu、Ala 和 Pro)的浓度随盐度的升高而上升,而必需氨基酸(EAA)的浓度变化不显著(P>0.05)。研究表明,FAAs 在三疣梭子蟹盐度适应中具有重要功能,其中发挥渗透调节功能的主要为 NEAA。     

枣疯病病情分级体系研究

在多年调查研究基础上,根据病原的浓度、症状表现和病情的可控程度等,提出了组织、单枝、单株、枣园和枣区5个水平的病情分级指标体系,可供枣疯病研究及其防治效果评价等参考。     

精神病患者暴力冲动行为分析及应对

目的探讨导致精神病患者暴力冲动行为发生的相关因素,以采取积极有效的应对措施,尽可能减轻暴力冲动行为造成的不良后果。方法对96例精神病患者发生暴力冲动行为及病情发生、发展过程分析,针对各种暴力行为,采取有针对性的干预措施。结果精神病患者发生暴力冲动行为与人格障碍、被害或嫉妒妄想、命令性幻听、思维联想障碍、护患关系不和谐、不适反应、住院时间等因素有关,具有攻击行为多样性和攻击对象不确定性。结论了解精神病患者发生暴力冲动行为的各种危险因素,尽早预测精神病患者发生暴力冲动行为的先兆,及时采取合适有效的应对措施,可预防和减轻暴力冲动行为带来的不良后果。     

Food Safety Resources on the World Wide Web

ABSTRACT

Issues of food safety are as important today than during any time in history. There is a lot of information available on the World Wide Web pertaining to food safety. Finding and sorting through all of the information for reliable and credible resources can take a lot of time and effort. Furthermore, are those sources updated as information changes? This is a critical question, as outbreaks and opinions can change moment to moment. The Food Safety Webliography provides a wide range of credible resources available to the general public and covers an expansive breadth of food-safety related topics.     

Introduction: Reducing Salmonella Enteritidis contamination of shell eggs

Salmonella Enteritidis is a leading food-borne pathogen in the United States, with many outbreaks in humans traced back to shell eggs. As a result, the implementation of effective strategies for reducing Salmonella Enteritidis in commercial layer flocks has become a critical public health and economic objective. In this paper, we share the findings of 2 multistate USDA-National Integrated Food Safety Initiative grant teams and their work aimed at Salmonella Enteritidis reduction in shell eggs. One project, led by K. Venkitanarayanan, is using plant-derived antimicrobial molecules as dietary supplements to reduce Salmonella Enteritidis colonization of the digestive and reproductive tract of chickens. The same molecules are being evaluated for their effect on Salmonella Enteritidis in egg wash solutions. The project led by S. Kariyawasam used on-farm investigation and novel bacterial typing methods to study Salmonella Enteritidis transmission in diverse layer environments to update and optimize Egg Quality Assurance Programs that will significantly reduce Salmonella Enteritidis contamination of shell eggs. The current US Food and Drug Administration Egg Safety Rule and Egg Quality Assurance Programs are based on critical control points and best management practices developed from studies of large flocks (>50,000 hens) conducted in the 1990s, indicating that opportunities exist to improve preharvest programs to reduce Salmonella Enteritidis contamination. This paper will share the findings of these 2 projects.     

Glucocorticoid Receptor Density and Binding Affinity in Healthy Horses and Horses with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

Background

Dysregulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis occurs in horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Peripheral resistance to glucocorticoids has not been investigated in horses.

Objective

To determine if glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function in horses can be measured using flow cytometry, and to use this information to evaluate HPA axis dynamics.

Animals

Eleven healthy adult horses in parts 1 and 2. Ten horses with SIRS and 10 age and sex matched controls in part 3.

Methods

Flow cytometry was used to evaluate GR density and binding affinity (BA) in 3 healthy horses in part 1. In part 2, exogenous ACTH was administered to eight healthy horses. Their cortisol response and GR properties were measured. In part 3, CBC, serum biochemistry, cortisol and ACTH, and GR properties were compared between controls without SIRS (n = 10) and horses with SIRS (n = 10), and between survivors and nonsurvivors (n = 4 and n = 6 respectively).

Results

Flow cytometry can be used to measure GR properties in equine PBMCs. No correlation was observed between plasma cortisol concentration and GR density or BA in healthy horses (r = −0.145, P = .428 and r = 0.046, P = .802 respectively). Nonsurvivors with SIRS had significantly decreased GR BA (P = .008). Horses with triglyceride concentration > 28.5 mg/dL had increased odds of nonsurvival (OR=117; 95% CI, 1.94–7,060). GR BA <35.79% was associated with nonsurvival (OR = 30.33; 95% CI, 0.96–960.5).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Tissue resistance to glucocorticoids contributes to HPA axis dysfunction in adult horses with SIRS. These horses might benefit from treatment with exogenous glucocorticoids.     

Retrospective evaluation of parenteral nutrition in alpacas: 22 cases (2002-2008)

Background: Parenteral nutrition is an important method of nutritional support in hospitalized animals, but minimal information has been published on its use in camelids. Hypothesis/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to characterize the use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in alpacas, evaluate the formulations used, and determine potential complications. Animals: Twenty‐two alpacas hospitalized at the Tufts Cummings School for Veterinary Medicine (site 1: n = 8) and the Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (site 2: n = 14). Methods: A retrospective analysis of all alpacas that received TPN between 2002 and 2008 was performed to assess clinical indications, clinical and clinicopathologic data, and outcome. Results: The most common underlying diseases in animals receiving TPN were gastrointestinal dysfunction (n = 16), hepatic disease (n = 2), and neoplasia (n = 2). Several metabolic abnormalities were identified in animals (n = 20/22) before TPN was initiated, including lipemia (n = 12/22), hyperglycemia (11/22), and hypokalemia (n = 11/22). Median age was significantly lower for site 1 cases (0.1 years; range, 0.01–11.0) compared with those from site 2 (4.9 years; range, 0.1–13.7; P= .03). Animals at site 2 also had a longer duration of hospitalization (P= .01) and TPN administration (P= .004), as well as higher survival rate (P < .02). Twenty‐one of 22 alpacas developed at least 1 complication during TPN administration. Metabolic complications were most prevalent (n = 21/22) and included hyperglycemia (n = 8/21), lipemia (n = 7/21), hypokalemia (n = 3/21), and refeeding syndrome (n = 3/21). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: TPN is a feasible method of nutritional support for alpacas when enteral feeding is not possible. Prospective studies are warranted to determine optimal TPN formulations for alpacas.     

Breeding cold tolerance strain by chemical mutagenesis in Volvariella volvacea

Volvariella volvacea is a mushroom well-adapted to high temperature. It optimally grows at 30–35 °C. To breed cold-tolerant strains to expand cultivation region and season, the basidiospores and gills of V. volvacea were treated with chemical mutagens, ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and diethyl sulfate (DES), respectively. Two cold-tolerant strains, strains Em-16 and Em-18, were successfully obtained from EMS mutagenesis of gills through 0 °C screening, colony morphology screening and fruiting screening. The biological efficiencies of Em-16 and Em-18 strains were 24.55% and 23.61% in the first flush at 27 °C and their biological efficiencies were 46.1% and 40.5% higher than the control strain V41, respectively. Their fruiting bodies had a longer storage life at 16 °C, compared with the control strain V41. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis shows that the strains Em-16 and Em-18 are new strains.