东北地区部分犊牛感染贾第虫的基因型及基因亚型分析

采用巢式PCR方法鉴定东北部分地区牛源贾第虫的基因型。提取DNA后经巢式PCR扩增TPI基因，扩增产物测序后用BLAST和MEGA4．0软件进行同源性和系统发育分析。结果表明，吉林市和长春分离株属于蓝氏贾第虫的AssemblageE型；大庆分离株中蓝氏贾第虫的AssemblageE和AssemblageA型均存在。     

Investigation of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in a Public Water‐Treatment System

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in a public water‐treatment system and to relate the results to physical, chemical, bacteriological and climate parameters. From March to September 2006, 30 samples, 15 of raw water and 15 of treated water, were examined by membrane filtration and direct immunofluorescence (Merifluor). For each sample, a volume of 1000 l was collected. Of the raw‐water samples, 26.6% were positive for Cryptosporidium (mean concentration of 0.15 oocysts/l), and 6.66% were positive for Giardia (concentration of 0.2 cysts/l); 13.33% of the samples were positive for both (mean concentrations of 0.06 oocysts/l and 0.026 cysts/l respectively). All the samples of treated water were negative. There was no correlation (P < 0.05) between the presence of protozoans in the raw water and the parameters measured. The finding of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in raw water indicates that the water sources are contaminated. Considering that giardiasis is prevalent in the population and that Cryptosporidium has recognized zoonotic potential, long‐term monitoring at critical points of the system is necessary to guarantee that the water will not be a vehicle for transmission of these protozoans.     

Feline diarrhoea associated with Tritrichomonas cf. foetus and Giardia co-infection in an Australian cattery

A 10-week-old female Ocicat was presented at a primary care feline veterinary practice for failure to thrive and diarrhoea. Numerous trophozoites, atypical for Giardia sp., were detected on a direct faecal examination, in addition to Giardia cysts. Although the failure to thrive and diarrhoea resolved following treatment for giardiasis, further diagnostic tests performed on faecal specimens from the kitten and 15 other Ocicats from the same cattery, including culture of trophozoites in In Pouch medium, PCR testing and molecular sequencing of PCR amplicons, confirmed infection with Tritrichomonas cf. foetus. This is the first report in Australia of feline trichomoniasis, which appears to be an emerging infectious disease of cats. Pertinent information regarding the clinical features, diagnosis, therapy, and potential source of feline trichomoniasis within Australia are discussed.     

长春地区宠物犬贾第虫感染的分子流行病学调查与感染虫株的TPI基因分型

贾第虫是一种人兽共患性寄生原虫,可在全世界范围内传播,并且有人—人,人—动物,以及动物特异性的传播循环,且其流行率与地理环境以及不同的区域有关。采用分子生物学分析方法,确定长春地区的宠物犬患有贾第虫的患病率以及基因型来评估犬贾第虫向人传播的危险。调查结果显示:宠物犬的贾第虫流行率为10.46%(25/239)。通过磷酸丙糖异构酶(TPI)基因的多态性对所分离虫株的基因型进行鉴定,结果显示所有贾第虫的基因型均为犬特异性的C型,未发现人兽共患的A型和B型。基因亚型结果显示在所有的样本中以CⅠ为主要亚型,占全部样本的76.00%(19/25)。此结果显示出贾第虫由犬传播给人的风险很低,这与以往来自中国南方的调查结果明显不同。     

犬贾第虫病毒(长春株)全基因组序列分析

根据已报道的人源蓝氏贾第虫病毒序列设计了互相重叠的6对特异性引物，以犬贾第虫（长春株）纯培养滋养体总核酸为模板进行RT—PCR。PCR产物连接到pMD18-T载体进行测序，通过BLAST在GenBank进行同源性搜索，并用DNAMAN分子生物学软件进行分析。结果测得我国犬贾第虫病毒（长春株）基因组全长为6276bp（DQ238861），编码1个有887个氨基酸残基的衣壳蛋白和1056个氨基酸残基的融合蛋白，这2个阅读框被-1核糖体移码框分开，重叠处有220nt。基因组中G＋C占49．62％。其序列与国外报道的人源蓝氏贾第虫病毒（L13218）序列同源性为94．62％，编码的氨基酸同源性为93．50％；与国内人源蓝氏贾第虫病毒（AF525216）序列同源性为98．88％，编码的氨基酸同源性为98．30％。     

犬源贾第虫β-贾第素基因的克隆及序列分析

为了鉴定犬源贾第虫佛山分离株的基因型,根据GenBank中登录的贾第虫β-贾第素(bg)基因序列(X85958),设计2对引物GF1/GR、GF2/GR,采用套式PCR方法从贾第虫基因组DNA中扩增出目的片段;将扩增产物纯化并连接到质粒载体pMD18-T,克隆转入感受态细胞JM109,挑选阳性克隆测序,然后进行序列分析。结果显示,犬源贾第虫bg序列长为384 bp,与预期目的片段一致;分子进化树表明该犬源贾第虫分离株为蓝氏贾第虫D型。该基因型在我国为首次报道,为贾第虫的分子鉴定以及分子遗传学研究奠定了基础。     

广东省猪十二指肠贾第虫感染现状和分子特征分析

【目的】 了解广东省不同地区猪源十二指肠贾第虫(Giardia duodenalis,简称贾第虫)的流行现状和分子特征,并评估其人兽共患风险。【方法】 从广东省10个地区采集新鲜猪粪样品,采用显微镜镜检,并应用巢式PCR对贾第虫谷氨酸脱氢酶(glutamate dehydrogenase,gdh)基因进行扩增,根据扩增结果计算不同地区和生长阶段猪贾第虫的阳性率。对所有的PCR阳性产物进行测序,将获得的贾第虫gdh基因序列进行BLAST比对,确定贾第虫的基因型;运用Mega 7.0软件的最大似然法构建进化树。【结果】 贾第虫包囊呈椭圆形,囊壁较厚,大小为(10~14)μm ×(7~10)μm,具有明显纵向轴柱,细胞核分布于轴柱两侧。521份受检样品中共检测出94份PCR阳性样品,阳性率为18.04%(94/521),其中茂名和清远的阳性率较高,分别达40.00%(10/25)和35.06%(27/77);肇庆和韶关的阳性率较低,分别为3.90%(3/77)和8.57%(3/35);佛山、江门、阳江、河源、广州和惠州的阳性率分别为11.11%(2/18)、15.31%(15/98)、11.43%(4/35)、13.33%(4/30)、9.38%(3/32)和24.47%(23/94)。不同饲养阶段的猪群的阳性率调查发现,母猪的贾第虫阳性率(24.55%)显著高于断奶仔猪(13.30%)(P<0.05),与育肥猪的贾第虫阳性率(19.23%)差异不显著(P>0.05)。基于gdh基因序列的基因分型和系统进化分析共发现5种贾第虫亚集聚体,即集聚体AⅠ和集聚体E的4种不同亚型,包括集聚体E1、E2、E10和E13,其中61.70%(58/94)测序阳性样品属于集聚体AⅠ,38.30%(36/94)属于集聚体E的不同亚型。【结论】 广东猪源贾第虫的感染较普遍,不同地区和不同生长阶段的猪感染率存在一定差异。其中,人兽共患性集聚体AⅠ为优势亚集聚体,表明广东省猪源贾第虫存在人兽跨物种传播的风险,应重视该病可能引起的公共卫生问题。     

Giardia infection in budgerigars

Budgerigars ( Melopsittacus undulatus ) from two different breeding colonies were found to have Giardia infection. Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and in-vitro and in-vivo studies confirmed the species was G psittaci . Chicks were clinically affected and showed signs of retarded growth, dehydration and diarrhoea. The faeces of adult birds treated with metronidazole in drinking water were negative for Giardia 5 days after treatment. Megabacteria were also found in adult birds but were not treated. This study extends the known host range for Giardia in Australia to include budgerigars.     

Occurrence and genotype characterization of Giardia duodenalis in goat kids from the Canary Islands, Spain

Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia, Giardia intestinalis) is a wide-spread intestinal protozoa of both humans and animals. Although giardiosis in goat is commonly asymptomatic, young kids may bear an enteric disease associated with persistent diarrhoea and delayed weight gain. In the present study we have analysed the occurrence of Giardia in 315 young goat kids (2–6 months old) from Gran Canaria Island (Spain) through visualization of faecal cysts. The identification of genotypes of G. duodenalis among the farms was attained by nested PCR of the triophosphate isomerase (TPI) and single PCR of β-giardin genes and subsequent sequencing. Positive samples were found in 42.2% of the animals and 95.5% of the farms. Goat faecal specimens were positive for only livestock-associated G. duodenalis assemblage E genotype for both TPI and β-giardin genes. The genetic analysis of these two loci revealed the presence of different haplotypes among the farms included in the survey and high homology with homologous genes from cattle and sheep. Altogether, the data presented here provide additional information to the prevalence and genetic characterization of Giardia isolates. The absence of assemblages A and B in this study suggests that zoonotic transmission of Giardia from goats could be of low epidemiological significance, although these findings should be validated in studies including other geographical areas, age groups and larger number of samples.     

中国人源蓝氏贾第虫病毒基因组全长cDNA克隆及序列测定

从中国人源蓝氏贾第虫北京株(BEIJ88／BTMR1／1)体外纯培养的电镜负染和超薄切片观察到蓝氏贾第虫病毒粒子。该病毒位于感染早期贾第虫的细胞质中，感染晚期的细胞核中。根据国外发表的蓝氏贾第虫病毒序列设计了6对互相重叠的引物。用这6对引物对从中国人源蓝氏贾第虫北京株发现的蓝氏贾第虫病毒基因组进行RT—PcR，将产物连接到pMD18-T载体中并转化入DH5a感受态菌，送上海生工测序，通过BLAST对Gen-Bank进行同源性搜索。结果 测得我国人源蓝氏贾第虫病毒基目组全长为6273bp，与国外报道的蓝氏贾第虫病毒序列同源性为95％，编码的氨基酸同源性为90％。