基因型和预处理对非洲菊胚珠离体培养的影响

以非洲菊胚珠为试材,研究了基因型、低温和培养前期黑暗处理(暗培养)对非洲菊胚珠培养的影响。结果表明:对愈伤组织诱导率和不定芽诱导时间影响的主次关系均为基因型暗培养低温,而对不定芽诱导率影响的主次关系是基因型低温处理暗培养。基因型是决定诱导效果的关键因素;低温处理7 d,愈伤组织和不定芽的诱导率最高,但低温处理对不定芽的诱导时间没有显著影响;暗培养21 d,愈伤组织的诱导效果最好;暗培养14 d,不定芽的诱导效果最好。     

花生产量与农艺性状的灰关联熵分析

运用灰关联熵分析方法,对9个花生品种的农艺性状与单株产量的灰关联熵进行了分析。结果表明,花 生产量与农艺性状的熵关联度为:生育期0. 9558,株高0. 9859,分枝数0. 9887,结果枝数0. 9920,侧枝长0. 9888,单 株果数0. 9932,叶斑病病指0. 9839,烂果数0. 9858,百果重0. 9933,百仁重0. 9936,出仁率0. 9887;熵关联序为:百 仁重>百果重>单株果数>结果枝数>侧枝长>出仁率>分枝数>株高>叶斑病病指>烂果数>生育期。     

Growth and distribution of non-carcass components of Small East African and F1 Norwegian crossbred goats under concentrate diets

To assess the effects of levels of concentrate diet on growth and distribution of non-carcass components of feedlot-finished goats, 23 castrated Small East African-SEA (14.5 ± 0.5 month old and 20.1 ± 1.2 kg BWT) and 32 castrated F1 Norwegian crossbred (9.5 ± 0.5 month old, 17.1 ±1.2 kg BWT) goats were allotted to four levels of concentrate supplementation. The concentrate levels were: Zero access to concentrate (T0), 33% access to ad libitum concentrate allowance (T33), 66% access to ad libitum allowance (T66) and 100% access to ad libitum allowance (T100). Each animal had access to ad libitum grass hay. The weight of head, hocks and empty gastro intestinal tract as percentage of empty body weight (EBW) decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of concentrate supplementation. The weight of liver as percentage of EBW increased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of supplementation. Similarly, percentage of total non-carcass fat in both total body fat (TBF) and EBW increased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of supplementation, mainly due to omental fat. Seemingly, percentages of total non-carcass fat in TBF for crossbred goats were numerically greater than that of SEA goats. Relative to EBW, liver had allometric growth coefficient greater than one, for both genotypes. Relative to both EBW and TBF, growth rate of omental fat was the fastest followed by kidney, mesenteric and pelvic fats. It is concluded that liver mass is responsive to dietary nutrient density and goats preferentially deposit fat internally as omental fat. Moreover, crossbred goats have higher proportion of non-carcass fat than SEA goats.     

Prevalence of Deafness in Dogs Heterozygous or Homozygous for the Merle Allele

Background: Deafness in dogs is frequently associated with the pigment genes piebald and merle. Little is known about the prevalence of deafness in dogs carrying the merle allele.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of deafness in dogs heterozygous and homozygous for the merle allele of the mouse Silver pigment locus homolog (SILV) gene.
Animals: One hundred and fifty-three privately owned merle dogs of different breeds and both sexes.
Methods: Hearing was tested by brainstem auditory-evoked response and classified as bilaterally hearing, unilaterally deaf, or bilaterally deaf. DNA from buccal cells was genotyped as either heterozygous or homozygous for the merle allele. Deafness association tests among merle genotype, eye color, and sex were performed by the χ² test.
Results: Deafness prevalence in merles overall was 4.6% unilaterally deaf and 4.6% bilaterally deaf. There was a significant association between hearing status and heterozygous versus homozygous merle genotype. For single merles ( Mm ), 2.7% were unilaterally deaf and 0.9% were bilaterally deaf. For double merles ( MM ), 10% were unilaterally deaf and 15% were bilaterally deaf. There was no significant association with eye color or sex.
Conclusions: Deafness prevalence in merle dogs was greater than that in some dog breeds homozygous for the piebald gene, such as the English Cocker Spaniel, but comparable to, or lower than, that in the Dalmatian and white Bull Terrier. Dogs homozygous for the merle allele were significantly more likely to be deaf than heterozygotes.     

Development of specific diagnostic test for small ruminant lentivirus genotype E

Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) belonging to the highly divergent genotype E has recently been identified in the Italian goat breed Roccaverano. In this report we have developed a specific serological test based on recombinant matrix/capsid antigen fusion protein. Performance has been evaluated and compared with a similar test based on genotype B antigen. Herds under study were selected according to the infectious status characterized by blood PCR and sequencing. Results clearly showed that B and E based recombinant ELISA only detected homologous infection and an apparent cross-reactivity was recorded in a herd in which co-infection was present. Three commercially available ELISAs showed different abilities in detecting genotype E infection, being the whole virus-based immunoassay the best choice. Genotype E-recombinant antigen was not detected in ELISA by three commercially available Mabs known to be cross-reactive among CAEV and MVV capsid antigens, further supporting the high divergence of the E genotype from others. Finally, a SRLV-free herd according to commercial ELISA testing, was analysed in the same area where genotype E was identified and few animals belonging to Roccaverano breed were found slightly reactive with the E antigens. Our results suggest that the prevalence of genotype E in other small ruminant populations may be conveniently estimated using a comparative assay based on a combination of genotype specific recombinant antigens and may highlight a wider space in which SRLVs evolve.     

基于干旱灾害风险综合评估指数的西藏主要农区青稞干旱时空格局

为研究西藏主要农区青稞的干旱时空变化特征,笔者从干旱灾害的致灾因子危险性、承灾体易损性、灾损脆弱性、防灾减灾能力等4个风险因子考虑,采用专家打分法和熵权法确定各因素权重,构建干旱灾害风险综合评估模型,并进行干旱灾害时空格局分析。结果表明：干旱灾害综合风险整体呈现中间低、两边高的态势,高风险区分布比较分散,次高风险区多集中在研究区的边缘地带,中等风险区以左斜H型分布在拉萨、山南、林芝市部分区域,而次低和低风险区零星分布在加查、索县、比如、林芝等站;且干旱灾害风险较高年份出现在1999、2005、2006、2007、2009、2010、2012、2014、2015年。西藏主要农区青稞各个干旱风险因子的分布具有明显的区域差别和一定的连片性,研究区和分区的干旱趋势随年份递增而加重。     

基于多纹理特征融合的麦田收割边界检测

自主导航是智能化农机完成收割作业的重要保障。该研究针对多云天气下光照易变化导致单一特征难以应对麦田环境的问题,提出基于多纹理特征融合的麦田收割边界检测方法。通过构建由图像熵特征和方向梯度特征组成的二维特征向量对麦田收割区域与未收割区域进行分类。其中,根据图像熵特征提取的特点,提出基于滑动窗口的直方图统计方法加速图像熵特征提取速度,较传统熵特征提取方法,本文方法耗时减少49.52%。在提取二维特征基础上,根据特征直方图分布特点,结合最大熵阈值分割算法对麦田图像进行初步分类,然后通过去除小连通区域对误分类区域进行剔除,进而运用Canny算子提取边缘轮廓点,得到分布于收割边界附近的待拟合点。最后,通过Ransac算法对拟合直线进行区域限制,得到较为准确的收割边界。试验结果表明,相比传统基于Adaboost集成学习算法提取收割边界,本文算法处理240像素×1 280像素的图像平均耗时为0.88 s,提速约73.89%;在不同光照条件下,收割边界平均检测率为89.45%,提高47.28个百分点,其中弱光照下检测率为90.41%,提高46.19个百分点,局部强光照下检测率为88.26%,提高46.00个百分点,强光照下检测率为89.68%,提高49.64个百分点。研究结果可为田间农机导航线识别提供参考。     

熵权模糊物元模型在土地生态安全评价中的应用

针对目前生态安全评价中信息屏蔽和主观性问题,该文运用物元分析法和熵权法对皖江地区马鞍山、合肥、芜湖等9个市土地生态安全水平进行评价,并与多指标综合评价法进行比较。熵权物元分析法包括构建评价指标体系、评价指标经典域、节域,建立土地生态安全评价物元模型,计算评价指标关联度,确定指标权重等内容。研究结果表明:马鞍山的土地生态安全级别为"较不安全",池州、安庆、的土地生态安全级别向"较不安全"级转化,巢湖、芜湖、铜陵的土地安全级别向"较安全"转化,宣城、合肥、滁州的土地安全级别为"理想安全",与多指标综合评价结果基本一致。物元分析单指标评价结果表明:皖江地区土地生态安全主要影响因子是单位面积耕地农药负荷、单位GDP二氧化硫排放量、人均水资源量、人口密度、森林覆盖率、大于25°坡耕地面积比例及工业废气处理率等。多指标综合评价能得到综合质量信息,而物元模型既能得到综合质量信息,也能反映评价对象的稳定状态,同时可以揭示评价对象单个评价指标的分异。研究表明熵权物元分析法在土地生态安全评价具一定应用价值。     

Phenotypic and genotypic background underlying variations in fatty acid composition and sensory parameters in European bovine breeds

Background

Consuming moderate amounts of lean red meat as part of a balanced diet valuably contributes to intakes of essential nutrients. In this study, we merged phenotypic and genotypic information to characterize the variation in lipid profile and sensory parameters and to represent the diversity among 15 cattle populations. Correlations between fat content, organoleptic characteristics and lipid profiles were also investigated.

Methods

A sample of 436 largely unrelated purebred bulls belonging to 15 breeds and reared under comparable management conditions was analyzed. Phenotypic data -including fatness score, fat percentage, individual fatty acids (FA) profiles and sensory panel tests- and genotypic information from 11 polymorphisms was used.

Results

The correlation coefficients between muscle total lipid measurements and absolute vs. relative amounts of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were in opposite directions. Increasing carcass fat leads to an increasing amount of FAs in triglycerides, but at the same time the relative amount of PUFAs is decreasing, which is in concordance with the negative correlation obtained here between the percentage of PUFA and fat measurements, as well as the weaker correlation between total phospholipids and total lipid muscle content compared with neutral lipids. Concerning organoleptic characteristics, a negative correlation between flavour scores and the percentage of total PUFA, particularly to n-6 fraction, was found. The correlation between juiciness and texture is higher than with flavour scores. The distribution of SNPs plotted by principal components analysis (PCA) mainly reflects their known trait associations, although influenced by their specific breed allele frequencies.

Conclusions

The results presented here help to understand the phenotypic and genotypic background underlying variations in FA composition and sensory parameters between breeds. The wide range of traits and breeds studied, along with the genotypic information on polymorphisms previously associated with different lipid traits, provide a broad characterization of beef meat, which allows giving a better response to the variety of consumers’ preferences. Also, the development and implementation of low-density SNP panels with predictive value for economically important traits, such as those summarized here, may be used to improve production efficiency and meat quality in the beef industry.