牛乳溶菌酶的安全性评价

试验旨在对实验室制备的重组牛乳溶菌酶粉剂在应用于临床试验之前进行安全性评价。通过抑菌试验,确定牛乳溶菌酶的抑菌浓度;通过牛乳溶菌酶溶液溶血性试验,观察牛乳溶菌酶溶液对2%兔红细胞混悬液有无溶血现象;采用牛乳溶菌酶溶液对家兔滴眼后自身对比,观察前后不同时间点的变化来确定该药对眼黏膜的刺激性。试验结果显示,重组牛乳溶菌酶粉剂的抑菌浓度为4 mg·m L-1,牛乳溶菌酶无溶血和凝集作用,对眼黏膜6 h后有较弱的刺激性,48 h后刺激性基本消失。因此,重组牛乳溶菌酶制剂具有安全性,符合黏膜局部用药标准,可进一步应用于临床试验。     

16S rRNA基因序列在动物消化道细菌鉴定中的应用研究

在概述细菌16SrRNA基因特点和动物消化道微生物生态系统的基础上,对16SrRNA基因序列在动物消化道微生物分离鉴定中的应用进行了综述,并展望了其研究方向。     

己酸二乙氨基乙醇酯急性毒性研究

按照GB 15670—1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》规定的方法,进行了己酸二乙氨基乙醇酯眼刺激试验,急性皮肤刺激试验和皮肤变态反应(致敏)试验.结果表明,己酸二乙氨基乙醇酯对大耳白兔眼刺激试验中呈现轻度刺激;对豚鼠急性皮肤刺激试验中呈现无刺激;对豚鼠皮肤致敏率强度分级为Ⅰ级,属弱致敏物.     

复方天门冬多糖注射液的毒理学试验及安全性评价

【目的】验证复方天门冬多糖注射液的安全性,为临床用药提供参考依据。【方法】利用复方天门冬多糖注射液分别进行急性毒性试验、局部刺激性试验和亚慢性毒性试验,确定临床给药的最佳途径和最有效剂量。【结果】急性毒性试验结果表明,复方天门冬多糖注射液属于实际无毒。局部刺激试验结果表明,该复方制剂适合于黏膜给药和肌肉注射用药。亚慢性毒性结果表明,在腹腔注射剂量〈1.60g/kg时,小鼠的谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）活性及肌酐、尿素氮水平与空白对照组（注射生理盐水）相比无显著差异（P〉0.05）,肝脏、脾脏和肾脏组织形态学也无可见病理变化。复方天门冬多糖注射液剂量在2.50～5.00g/kg时,ALT、AST活性及肌酐、尿素氮水平显著或极显著升高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,超出正常值范围。对肝脏、肾脏和脾脏进行病理学观察,也发现肝索排列紊乱,部分肝细胞核破碎、溶解,结缔组织和内皮细胞增生。【结论】复方天门冬多糖注射液安全无毒,既可黏膜给药又可肌肉注射用药,但用药剂量应小于1.60g/kg。     

仔猪水通道蛋白基因的克隆及断奶应激对其在胃肠道组织mRNA表达的影响

水通道蛋白(AQP)作为一种膜转运蛋白,对于调控肠道组织的水分子转运具有重要作用。本实验利用同源序列克隆法设计引物,从仔猪(Susscrofa)的消化道组织中克隆AQPs家族基因(AQP2~AQP11)(GenBank登录号分别为EU636238、EU161094、EU165525、EU192130、EU620575、EU024116、EU220426、EU220427、EU582021和EU220425),并对其进行生物信息学分析。采用荧光定量PCR研究断奶应激对于仔猪胃肠道组织中AQP1、AQP3、AQP8和AQP11的mRNA表达影响。生物信息学分析发现,猪AQPs家族基因含有高度保守的天冬酰氨-脯氨酸-丙氨酸(NPA)结构序列,基因表达分析发现,断奶组仔猪的AQP1基因在十二指肠、回肠和结肠组织的mRNA表达量与对照组相比显著上调(P<0.05);AQP3基因在胃和小肠组织的mRNA表达有显著上调(P<0.05);AQP8基因在胃和回肠组织中mRNA表达有显著上调(P<0.01),在其他组织中没有显著差异;AQP11基因在空肠组织的mRNA表达量显著上调了1.7倍(P<0.05)。这些研究结果表明,AQP基因可能在断奶应激引起的仔猪肠道腹泻中发挥重要作用。     

Risk Factors for Equine Postoperative Ileus and Effectiveness of Prophylactic Lidocaine

Background: Postoperative ileus (POI) is a frequent and often fatal complication of colic surgery. Reliably effective treatments are not available.
Objectives: To determine risk factors and protective factors associated with POI, and to assess the effect of lidocaine IV on short-term survival.
Animals: One hundred and twenty-six horses that underwent small intestinal colic surgery and that survived for at least 24 hours postoperatively.
Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study. The association of 31 pre-, intra-, and postoperative variables with POI and the association of lidocaine treatment with short-term survival were investigated. Associations were evaluated with univariable logistic regression models, followed by multivariable analysis.
Results: Significant associations of high heart rate (odds ratio [OR] = 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–1.08), the presence of more than 8 L of reflux at admission (OR = 3.02, 95% CI 1.13–8.02) and the performance of a small intestinal resection (OR = 2.46, 95% CI 1.15–5.27) with an increased probability of POI were demonstrated. Prophylactic lidocaine treatment was significantly associated with a reduced incidence of POI (OR = 0.25, 95% CI 0.11–0.56). Lidocaine treatment was also significantly associated with enhanced short-term survival (OR = 0.30, 95% CI 0.09–0.98).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The variables associated with an increased risk of POI can be useful in identifying horses at risk of POI and in providing a more accurate prognosis. The results are supportive for lidocaine IV as an effective prokinetic treatment after small intestinal colic surgery.     

Exploiting the effect of dietary supplementation of small ruminants on resilience and resistance against gastrointestinal nematodes

This paper focuses on targeted nutritional supplementation as a means to reduce the requirement for chemotherapeutic control of gastrointestinal nematode infection of small ruminants and considers the limitations to practical application. Supplementary feeding, particularly with additional dietary protein, can assist resilience to infection during times when metabolic resources are being directed towards dealing with the pathophysiological effects of infection and away from production of meat, milk and fibre. Substantial experimental evidence from studies of both sheep and goats supports this hypothesis particularly in relation to young lambs and kids after weaning and in ewes around parturition. In addition, nutritional supplementation frequently increases resistance to infection, as indicated by decreased faecal worm egg counts and worm burdens. As a result, supplementation has the potential to reduce the requirement for anthelmintic treatment. Practical application of this knowledge can, however, be quite complex in many small ruminant production systems. In general, strategic supplementation should target those times when nutrient requirements are greatest and provide those nutrients which are deficient whether protein, energy, minerals or trace elements. Complexity arises when we consider that nutrient requirements will differ between localities for different species and breed of host, at different stages of growth and reproduction, with differing seasonal availability of forage, with different species of nematodes and different levels of established infections and exposure to infective stages. As a starting point, the provision of nutrients to optimize rumen function and animal performance in the particular production system should assist in maintaining resilience to nematode infection. Provision of nutrients in excess of this requirement, if economically feasible, may yield further benefits in some situations and reduce the need for alternative control measures for gastrointestinal nematode parasites.     

Mucin biosynthesis in the bovine goblet cell induced by Cooperia oncophora infection

Mucin hypersecretion is considered to be one of the most common components of the immune response to gastrointestinal nematode infection. However, investigations have not been conducted in the Cattle–Cooperia oncophora system to verify the findings largely derived from murine models. In this study, we examined the expression of seven mucins and seven enzymes in the mucin biosynthesis pathway involved in O-linked glycosylation in the bovine small intestine including goblet cells enriched using laser capture microdissection during a primary C. oncophora infection. At the mRNA level, MUC2 expression was significantly higher in both lamina propria and goblet cells at 28 days post-infection compared to the naïve control. MUC5B expression at the mRNA level was also higher in lamina propria at 28 dpi. Expression of MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC, and MUC6 was extremely low or not detectable in goblet cells, columnar epithelial cells, and lamina propria from both naïve control and infected animals. Among the seven enzymes involved in post-translational O-linked glycosylation of mucins, GCNT3, which may represent one of the key rate-limiting steps in mucin biosynthesis, was up-regulated in goblet cells, columnar epithelial cells, lamina propria, and gross small intestine tissue during the course of infection. Western blot analysis revealed that MUC2 glycoprotein was strongly induced by infection in both gross small intestine tissue and its mucosal layer. In contrast, the higher MUC5B protein expression was observed only in the mucosal layer. Immunohistochemistry provided further evidence of the mucin glycoprotein production and localization. Our results provided insight into regulation of mucin biosynthesis in various cell types in the bovine small intestine during gastrointestinal nematode infection and will facilitate our understanding of mucins and their role in immune response against parasitic nematodes.     

Effectiveness of a community-based strategic anthelmintic treatment programme in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fasciola gigantica</Emphasis> in cattle in Kilolo district,Tanzania

A longitudinal demonstration project was carried out in 2005/2006 for thirteen months to determine the effectiveness of a strategic community-based worm control (CBWC) programme in the control of gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes and Fasciola gigantica in cattle. Two villages namely, a CBWC village (Ilula-Masukanzi) and a village without CBWC (Kilolo-Luganga) were randomly selected in Kilolo district, Iringa region of Tanzania. Animals in both villages were under the traditional management system and used the village communal grazing area. At the village with CBWC, 60 zebu cattle (6–18 months old) from 10 farms in the village were selected and ear tagged for monthly sampling and weghing. A strategic CBWC programme was instituted whereby all animals in the village (tagged and non-tagged) were treated with albendazole 10% drench at 10 mg/kg four times a year e.g. middle of the rainy season (February), end of the rainy season (May), middle of the dry season (September) and late dry/early rainy season (December). In the village without CBWC, 68 zebu cattle (6–18 months old) from 11 farms in the village were selected and tagged for monthly sampling and weighing. Farmers in the village without CBWC were allowed to continue with their normal management practices including anthelmintic treatments. Faecal and blood samples from tagged animals and pasture samples from communal grazing areas were collected on monthly basis for 13 months. Results showed that strategic CBWC programme was highly effective in reducing faecal egg counts (FEC) and the proportion of animals passing Fasciola eggs in faeces. The strategic CBWC significantly reduced FEC of animals by an average of 60% compared to animals at the village without CBWC (P < 0.01). Four strategic CBWC treatments per year significantly reduced the proportion of animals passing Fasciola eggs in faeces by an average of 82.5% compared to animals at the village without CBWC (P < 0.05). From commencement to the end of the trial, animals at the village with CBWC significantly outgained animals at the village without CBWC by an average of 13.9 kg per year (P < .05). It is concluded that strategic CBWC programme was highly effective in reducing FEC, reducing the proportion of animals passing Fasciola eggs in faeces and improved weight gain in animals.