Association of gastrointestinal hemorrhage with increased blood urea nitrogen and BUN/creatinine ratio in dogs: a literature review and retrospective study

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatine concentrations were recorded from the medical records of 52 dogs with clinical evidence for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (UGH) at the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 1988 and 1995. Eighteen of the dogs had melena, 11 dogs had hematemesis, and 23 dogs had both melena and hematemesis. Compared with age-matched control dogs, dogs with suspected UGH had a significantly higher BUN concentration (31.0 mg/dL vs. 16.5 mg/dL), creatinine concentration (1.2 mg/dL vs. 1.1 mg/dL) and BUN/creatinine ratio (27.6 vs. 14.4). The increase in BUN/creatinine ratio suggested that the increased BUN concentration in dogs with evidence for UGH primarily was associated with increased gastrointestinal absorption of nitrogenous compounds, and hepatic ureagenesis.     

玉米幼芽提取物霜剂的研制

【目的】制备玉米幼芽提取物(Extracts of maize plumule,EMP)霜剂,并考察其体外透皮性能和对皮肤的刺激性。【方法】采用正交设计,对EMP霜剂处方进行筛选。用紫外分光光度法测定EMP霜剂中EMP的含量。利用Franz扩散池研究EMP霜剂的体外经皮渗透性能,通过皮肤刺激试验和变态反应试验评价EMP霜剂对皮肤的安全性。【结果】EMP霜剂处方主要组分和最佳生产工艺为:EMP溶液25 g,蒸馏水35 g,OW340B 3 g,单甘酯4 g,十六十八混合醇4 g,硬脂酸4 g,乳化速度为1 200 r/min。EMP霜剂体外渗透速率为33.836μg/(cm2.h),12 h累积透皮渗透量为426.02μg/cm2,优于普通VE霜。EMP霜剂对皮肤无刺激性。【结论】研制的EMP霜透皮吸收效果好,且对皮肤无刺激性和致敏性,适宜于皮肤外用给药。     

Isolation and use of beneficial microbiota from the digestive tract of lions‐paw scallop Nodipecten subnodosus and winged pearl oyster Pteria sterna in oyster aquaculture

We isolated microbiota from the digestive tract of Nodipecten subnodosus and Pteria sterna and determined in vitro their haemolytic activity, antagonism against Vibrio spp., bacterial hydrophobicity, production of extracellular enzymes and molecular identification. Five bacterial strains were selected: RL5 and C3 (Lactobacillus spp.) and PB1‐1, PB1‐5 and PB1‐6 (Bacillus spp.). The RL5 and C3 isolates showed antimicrobial activity against Vibrio spp. and the PB1‐1, PB1‐5 and PB1‐6 isolates showed enzymatic activity for amylase, protease, lipase and cellulose; the C3 and PB1‐5 isolates were highly hydrophobic. The selected strains of bacteria were tested in vivo as probiotics, together with a treatment of ampicillin and a control without bacteria on juvenile Kumamoto oysters Crassostrea sikamea. The strains were provided individually and as mixes of isolates. Survival, growth and biochemical composition of the juveniles were determined as in vivo indicators. Juveniles grew significantly larger and faster when treated with a specific mix of isolates (MIX‐B), compared with the control. The protein, lipid and carbohydrate concentrations were also significantly higher in oysters exposed to probiotic treatments, compared with the control and the antibiotic treatment. The selected microbiota showed probiotic proprieties for cultivating C. sikamea juveniles.     

庆大霉素和林可霉素注射液的毒理学试验研究

为对庆大霉素和林可霉素注射液的安全性进行毒理学评价,采用急性毒性试验、溶血试验、局部血管刺激性试验、肌肉及皮肤刺激试验及豚鼠全身用药的过敏试验,考察庆大霉素和林可霉素注射液制剂的安全性。结果表明,庆大霉素和林可霉素注射液对小鼠肌肉注射的LD50为4.989 mL/kg,0.1~0.5 mL该注射液在4 h内对兔红细胞不产生溶血和凝聚作用;静脉注射部位血管及周围组织均未见充血、水肿、出血和坏死等病理改变,肌肉注射部位充血范围在0.5 cm×1.0 cm以下,4块股四头肌反应级的最高与最低之差等于0,家兔四块股四头肌反应级之和小于10;以相当于临床用量2倍的剂量涂抹皮肤,停药后1、24、48、72 h镜下观察均未见明显异常的病理变化;豚鼠首次致敏后第14天及第21天静脉注射液攻击,在观察期内未见过敏反应。表明庆大霉素和林可霉素注射液在该试验条件下是安全的。     

Muscarinic receptor subtypes and gastrointestinal smooth muscle function

The muscarinic receptor family expressed in smooth muscle throughout the body is thought to be composed of five subtypes coupling to distinct signaling systems, respectively. The population in smooth muscle is composed of mainly M₂ and M₃ subtypes in a 80% to 20% mixture. The muscarinic receptor, mainly M₃ receptor, play an important role in regulating gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction. Selective muscarinic M3 antagonist should have therapeutic utility in the treatment of gastrointestinal disease.     

Relationship of disease progression and plasma histamine concentrations in 11 dogs with mast cell tumors

Plasma histamine concentrations (PHCs) were measured serially over 9 months or until death in 11 dogs with mast cell tumors (MCTs). Eight dogs had grossly visible disease and the other 3 dogs had microscopic disease. Initial PHCs in the dogs with gross disease were significantly higher than PHCs in healthy dogs (median, 0.73 ng/mL and 0.19 ng/mL respectively; P < .009), whereas initial PHCs in dogs with microscopic disease showed no difference from controls. Seven dogs subsequently had progressive increases in PHC, and developed hyperhistaminemia (median, 14.0 ng/mL; range, 5.11-30.1 ng/nL). These 7 dogs died from MCTs, and 1 had general weakness with rapid lysis of a large tumor burden after radiation therapy. PHCs of the other 4 dogs were less than 1 ng/mL during the study. These 4 dogs were still alive with adequate control of the tumor at the conclusion of the study. Four of the 11 dogs initially had gastrointestinal (G1) signs, which abated soon after administration of histamine-2 (H-2) blockers. No significant difference was found between PHCs in dogs with GI signs and those without GI signs (median, 0.86 ng/mL and 0.35 ng/mL. respectively). Thereafter, 7 dogs had serious GI complications for which H-2 blocker therapy was ineffective. PHCs in these 7 dogs were extremely high (median, 12.2 ng/mL; range, 3.42-30.1 ng/nL). Results of this study demonsrated that PHC was one factor related to disease progression, and indicated that marked hyperhistaminemia was associated with the GI signs refractory to H-2 blocker therapy in dogs with MCTs.     

Efficacy of ivermectin in reducing gastrointestinal nematode fecal egg counts in goats in Burundi

Cross-bred goats in Burundi infested with gastrointestinal nematodes were submitted to fecal investigations and injected subcutaneously with ivermectin. In Experiment 1, goats were treated with 200 μg kg⁻¹ bw ivermectin. In Experiment 2, animals were administered twice that dose. In Experiment 3, goats suspected to be resistant to other anthelmintics were treated with 200 μg kg⁻¹ bw ivermectin. In Experiment 4, two doses of the same strength were injected with an interval of 7 days. Results demonstrate that 200 μg kg⁻¹ bw ivermectin is effective for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in Burundi; this dosage is also effective against nematodes suspected to be resistant to other anthelmintics. The administration of 400 μg kg⁻¹ bw did not induce greater or more prolonged effectiveness percentages. The supposed decrease of ivermectin's residual activity on Day 28 might be avoided by administering two doses with an interval of 7 days. No adverse effects were observed in treated animals.     

Incidence of Toxocara vitulorum in Creole calves of Guadeloupe

The 247 calves from 112 Creole cows of Guadeloupe were monitored for Toxocara vitulorum infection from year 2002 to 2005. The cows were in good body condition and the calf growth rate was 880g/d on average. The overall prevalence of infection was estimated to 0.77 [0.72; 0.83]. The faecal egg count peaked 49 days after calf birth, and then decreased. No clinical symptom related to T. vitulorum infection was observed, and no effect on the calf growth rate was shown. It was concluded that, despite the high prevalence of T. vitulorum, the production loss remains under the level of detection, and no drenching is needed for well-fed animals.     

兔不同时期胃肠道内微生物区系的变化与消化道疾病的调控

对不同时期家兔胃肠道微生物区系变化与消化道疾病的调控等研究进行综述。研究结果均表明,兔胃肠道微生物区系与纤维素的消化关系密切,正常微生物结构是维持盲肠正常生理功能的基础。当盲肠正常菌群结构被破坏后,会导致整个消化道一系列病理反应,影响消化吸收功能,甚至出现全身性病理反应。家兔胃肠道内微生物区系随着年龄的增加变化很大,因而对不同日龄家兔进行饲养管理时,应采取不同措施。