真菌多糖免疫活性的研究进展

综述了10多年来在真菌多糖的免疫活性包括增强机体免疫系统功能、抗肿瘤、抗病毒等方面的研究进展,对其发展前景进行了展望。     

Impact of inorganic nitrogen additions on microbes in biological soil crusts

Many studies have shown that changes in nitrogen (N) availability affect the diversity and composition of soil microbial community in a variety of terrestrial systems, but less is known about the responses of microbes specific to biological soil crusts (BSCs) to increasing N additions. After seven years of field experiment, the bacterial diversity in lichen-dominated crusts decreased linearly with increasing inorganic N additions (ambient N deposition; low N addition, 3.5 g N m⁻² y⁻¹; medium N addition, 7.0 g N m⁻² y⁻¹; high N addition, 14.0 g N m⁻² y⁻¹), whereas the fungal diversity exhibited a distinctive pattern, with the low N-added crust containing a higher diversity than the other crusts. Pyrosequencing data revealed that the bacterial community shifted to more Cyanobacteria with modest N additions (low N and medium N) and to more Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria and much less Cyanobacteria with excess N addition (high N). Our results suggest that soil pH, together with soil organic carbon (C), structures the bacterial communities with N additions. Among the fungal communities, the relative abundance of Ascomycota increased with modest N but decreased with excess N. However, increasing N additions favored Basidiomycota, which may be ascribed to increases in substrate availability with low lignin and high cellulose contents under elevated N conditions. Bacteria/fungi ratios were higher in the N-added samples than in the control, suggesting that the bacterial biomass tends to dominate over that of fungi in lichen-dominated crusts after N additions, which is especially evident in the excess N condition. Because bacteria and fungi are important components and important decomposers in BSCs, the alterations of the bacterial and fungal communities may have implications in the formation and persistence of BSCs and the cycling and storage of C in desert ecosystems.     

Interrelations of organism prevalence, specimen collection method, and host age, sex, and breed among 8,354 canine urinary tract infections (1969-1995)

Selected information was compiled from canine urinalyses and urine cultures conducted between January 1969 and December 1995. Eight thousand three hundred fifty-four microbial isolates (bacteria and fungi) included 4,873 isolates from females and 3,481 from males. Ten bacterial genera accounted for 96.3% of the urinary isolates, including Escherichia coli (44.1%), Staphylococcus spp. (11.6%), Proteus spp. (9.3%), Klebsiella spp. (9.1%), Enterococcus spp. (8.0%), and Streptococcus spp. (5.4%) as the 6 most common isolates in both genders of dogs. Among these 6 genera, female dogs were generally predisposed over males, although males had more urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Klebsiella spp. Distributions of ages at UTI diagnosis tended to be similar between genders. Infection with a single microbial species was responsible for >72% of UTIs in both genders. Among females, 40 breeds and a mixed-breed group represented 90.2% of all positive urine cultures, 88.4% of the individual dogs with UTIs. and 88.2% of the microbial isolations. Among males, these same 41 breed groups represented 87.9% of all positive urine cultures, 87.6% of the individual dogs, and 88.2% of the microbial isolations.     

药用真菌菌丝体产SOD的研究初探

本文对9种药用及食用真菌菌丝体中SOD的同功酶进行了初步的研究．并以云芝为实验对象研究了真菌菌丝体生长与SOD活性的关系．结果表明：不同真菌来源的SOD之间同功酶组成存在较大差异：云芝菌丝体液体发酵结果显示，菌丝体的生长过程包括生长迟滞期、迅速生长期及衰亡期三个阶段．在迅速生长期后期可以获得大量富含SOD的云芝菌丝体。     

日本肯定列表制度对我国出口食用菌的影响和对策

分析了日本肯定列表制度、我国出口食用菌的现状和问题以及肯定列表制度对我国出口食用菌的影响．提出了加强农残监控、强化原料基地管理、严格卫生注册登记管理、加强农资销售市场管理、加强食用菌农药使用的研究与指导、完善标准体系6个方面的应对措施。     

Tree identity surpasses tree diversity in affecting the community structure of oribatid mites (Oribatida) of deciduous temperate forests

The role of tree diversity and identity as determinants of soil animal community structure is little understood. In a mature deciduous forest dominated by beech we identified clusters of one, two and three tree species of beech, ash and lime allowing to investigate the role of tree species diversity and identity on the density and community structure of oribatid mites. To relate oribatid mite community structure to environmental factors we measured leaf litter input, fine root biomass, mass of organic layers, topsoil pH and C and N content. We expected oribatid mite density to increase with increasing tree diversity, but we expected the effects of tree species identity to override effects of tree diversity. Further, we hypothesized the density of oribatid mites to be reduced by the presence of beech but increased by the presence of lime and ash. As expected tree diversity little affected oribatid mite communities, whereas tree species identity strongly altered density and community structure of oribatid mites. However, in contrast to our expectations the density of oribatid mites was highest in presence of beech indicating that many oribatid mite species benefit from the presence of recalcitrant litter forming thick organic layers. Especially Oppioidea benefited from the presence of beech presumably due to an increased availability of food resources such as fungi and nematodes. Lower density of oribatid mites in monospecific clusters of lime and ash suggests that oribatid mites did not benefit from high quality litter of these species. Notably, large and strongly sclerotized oribatid mite species, such as Steganacarus magnus and Chamobates voigtsi, benefited from the presence of ash and lime. Presumably, these large species better resist harsh microclimatic conditions in shallow organic layers.     

香菇木扦原种生产工艺与应用研究

选择材质较硬的木扦制作的香菇木扦原种，生产的栽培种满袋时间仅需锯末种的一半，降低了后期感染的机率，成活率高，满袋后菌丝活力旺盛，无老化现象，延长了保藏时间。     

浙江天童常绿阔叶林中马尾松菌根研究

通过对浙江天童常绿阔叶林中马尾松的菌根研究,比较分析了马尾松在不同样地及不同季节菌根感染率的状况,结果表明,菌根感染率与季节及样地类型有密切的联系,12月份左右,在裸地中菌根感染率较低,只有2.67%;而7月份左右,在马尾松林中,菌根感染率达到了76%.其次,通过一年多对各样地子实体的采集研究和实验室分析,确定在这个阔叶林中与马尾松共生的菌根真菌共4科6属8种,其中硬皮马勃科（Scleroderrnataceae）豆马勃属（Pisolithus）的彩色豆马勃（P.tinctorius（Pers.））和大包硬皮马勃（S.bovista Fr.）以及红菇科（Russulacese）乳菇属（Lactarius Dcex Gray）的松乳菇（L.deliciosus（L.ex.Fr）Gery）分布较广泛,在多数样地中均可找到相应的子实体.最后,本文通过菌根在生态系统中的作用,初步探讨了菌根与常绿阔叶林整体退化机制之间的关系.     

Testing and evaluation of natural durability of wood in above ground conditions in Europe – an overview

Natural durability of wood is determined by the European standard EN 252 for specimens in ground contact and EN 113 for basidiomycetes in the laboratory, but no test exists for above ground conditions. For above ground conditions, the European prestandard ENV 12037 and EN 330 are used to determine the durability of treated wood. The most important factors for fungal establishment on the surface and within wood are the moisture content, the surrounding temperature, and the relative humidity. Strength tests are the most sensitive for decay detection, but neither strength tests nor identification of fungi responsible for the decay are included in the standards of above ground durability in field tests. To detect decay, visual examination, pick or splinter tests, and mass loss determination are used. Identifying fungi with traditional methods, e.g., growth on solid medium, is time consuming and complicated. Molecular methods like polymerase chain reaction and sequencing do not require mycological skill for identification to species level, and furthermore the methods do not depend on the subjective judgement like most traditional methods, but are based on the objective information of the target organism (e.g., nucleotide sequences). The next generation of standard field tests will probably consider the drawbacks of standard tests today and be rapid and include both quality tests like molecular identification and nondestructive quantitative tests, e.g., acoustic tests. Laboratory tests can be improved by using fungi identified from field trials and by combining different fungi in the same test and thus simulate degradation in practice.     

Compartmentalization response of two clones of hybrid-poplar

A 14-day bioassay indicated the effectiveness of Compartmentalization evident 24 months following wounding of two clones of hybrid-poplar. The boundary pattern adjacent to columns of wound-initiated discoloration indicated that column boundary layer formation was not the sole determinant for the effectiveness of Compartmentalization.