梨果实若干性状的遗传倾向

 以梨12 个杂交组合和138 个栽培品种为试材, 研究几个果实性状的遗传倾向, 结果如下: 栽培品种果实含糖量集中在6 %～9 % , 平均为7. 39 %; 果实含糖量表现为数量性状, 呈正态分布, 杂种后代果实含糖量主要分布在6 %～10 % , 平均为7. 8 % , 遗传传递力平均为90. 8 %。栽培品种含酸量介于0. 08 %～0. 74 % , 平均为0. 238 %; 杂种后代果实含酸量为数量性状, 组合遗传传递力平均为69. 2 %。梨果实挥发性物质共检测出5 种酯类、8 种醇类和乙烯、乙醛、丙酮类共16 种化合物。杂种后代果实中发现了其亲本果实中所没有的戊醇成分。果实肉质性状表现为质量性状, 脆肉对软肉为显性。杂种后代表现为果点变大、密, 果柄变长, 果汁变少, 果皮厚度相当于亲中值。     

云南特有野生果树资源及其分布特点

 云南有各类野生果树资源约500 余种, 其中云南特有的164种, 分属35科54属, 多为热带、亚热带果树和浆果类果树, 形成滇南—滇东南、滇西—滇西北和滇中—滇东北3个特有野生果树集中分布中心。这些果树资源用途广泛, 优异性状明显, 有待深入研究和综合开发利用。     

草莓成熟过程中NAD激酶、NADP磷酸酶活性

 研究了‘春星’草莓果实成熟时NAD 激酶、NADP 磷酸酶活性及NAD 激酶部分特性。结果表明, NAD 激酶和NADP 磷酸酶活性在果实绿色期到乳白期升高, 粉红期下降, 全红期又再次升高。NAD 激酶可被Ca²⁺ 强烈抑制, 被EGTA (Ca²⁺专一性螯合剂) 激活。随着成熟进程, NAD 激酶对ATP 的依赖性增加。     

窥探我国果农的合作之路

改革开放以来,我国果业迅猛发展,但产销体制很不完善,产品本身不等于商品,更不等于有了稳定畅销的渠道和市场份额。分散的个体果农户面对竞争的市场,犹如汪洋大海中的叶叶扁舟,显得无能为力。果农协会组织和引领分散果农走向市场,作为利益共享、风险共担的非盈利组织形式,在国外已经是成功的经验和模式,应成为我们之鉴。为振兴我国果业,合作化是我国个体果农的必由之路。果农协会应当实行完全民主化运作,避免“权力”的介入而使之变为“半官方化”、“机关化”和“官僚化”。政府应在制订政策条例、协助开拓市场、科技服务等方面发挥其作用。果农的教育和科技水平亟待提高,民主意识亟待培养和增强。政府在这些方面大有可为。     

SSR技术及其在果树上的应用

SSR(Simple sequence repeat)技术以其丰富的多态性、共显性遗传、重复性好和操作简便等优点日益受到重视,已成为植物遗传和育种研究中不可缺少的分子标记。对SSR技术的原理和特点作了简要的介绍,较详细地分析了如何获得SSR引物,特别是综述了果树上SSR引物的研究现状,同时将其与其它几种主要的分子标记进行了比较分析,认为SSR标记检测的位点多态性水平明显高于RFLP,而且重复性优于RAPD;着重介绍了SSR技术在果树种质资源和构建果树遗传图谱及基因定位等研究中的应用现状;指出SSR技术将在果树科研上起到重要的作用。     

果树种质资源离体保存研究进展

综述了国内外果树种质离体保存方面的研究进展,简单介绍了种子保存,常规的细胞、组织和器官保存方法。超低温保存是一项长期稳定保存种质的方法,能减慢细胞代谢和完全抑制生长,概述了超低温保存的原理、技术要点和主要优点,以及影响超低温保存的因素:包括植物材料的性质、预处理、冰冻保护剂种类、降温方法、解冻方法以及解冻后处理等,并对今后果树种质保存提出了一些建议。     

Key issues and research priorities in landscape ecology: An idiosyncratic synthesis

Landscape ecology has made tremendous progress in recent decades, but as a rapidly developing discipline it is faced with new problems and challenges. To identify the key issues and research priorities in landscape ecology, a special session entitled “Top 10 List for Landscape Ecology in the 21st Century” was organized at the 16th Annual Symposium of the US Regional Association of International Association of Landscape Ecology, held at Arizona State University (Tempe, Arizona, USA) during April 25–29, 2001. A group of leading landscape ecologists were invited to present their views. This paper is intended to be a synthesis, but not necessarily a consensus, of the special session. We have organized the diverse and wide-ranging perspectives into six general key issues and 10 priority research topics. The key issues are: (1) interdisciplinarity or transdisciplinarity, (2) integration between basic research and applications,(3) Conceptual and theoretical development, (4) education and training, (5)international scholarly communication and collaborations, and (6) outreach and communication with the public and decision makers. The top 10 research topics are: (1) ecological flows in landscape mosaics, (2) causes, processes, and consequences of land use and land cover change, (3) nonlinear dynamics and landscape complexity, (4) scaling, (5) methodological development, (6) relating landscape metrics to ecological processes, (7) integrating humans and their activities into landscape ecology, (8) optimization of landscape pattern, (9)landscape sustainability, and (10) data acquisition and accuracy assessment. We emphasize that, although this synthesis was based on the presentations at the“Top 10 List” session, it is not a document that has been agreed upon by each and every participant. Rather, we believe that it is reflective of the broad-scale vision of the collective as to where landscape ecology is now and where it may be going in future. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

两种复合肥在叶菜类蔬菜上的应用效果比较

在山东省莱阳和寿光两地露地及保护地生长的芹菜和大白菜上进行新型复合肥 2 1 8 11S肥效研究 ,同时与市场上较为流行的 15 15 15S复合肥进行比较。结果表明 ,2 1 8 11S复合肥比 15 15 15S复合肥在增加产量、提高品质方面效果更好。 2 1 8 11S复合肥最佳用量大白菜为 14 14～ 170 0kg·hm-2 ,芹菜为 2 0 6 2～ 2 4 78kg·hm-2 。     

Seasonal distribution of phytoplasmas in Australian grapevines

The distribution and persistence of phytoplasmas were determined in Australian grapevines. Phytoplasmas could be detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from shoots, cordons, trunks and roots throughout the year, and phytoplasmas appear to persistently infect Australian grapevines from year to year. Phytoplasmas were not always detected in samples from the same sampling area from one sampling period to the next. Phytoplasma detection by PCR was improved by sampling from shoots, cordons and trunks, especially during October (early spring). The diseases expressed by the 20 grapevines used in the distribution and persistence studies were monitored. Australian grapevine yellows disease (AGY) was expressed by 17/20 grapevines at some time during the study, whilst only 4/20 and 15/20 grapevines expressed restricted growth disease (RG) and late season leaf curl disease (LSLC), respectively. All grapevines with RG and LSLC also had AGY. The three diseases were persistently expressed in some grapevines and remission of disease was observed in others. The results of PCR detection in the same grapevines indicated that phytoplasmas were more frequently detected in AGY-affected grapevines that also expressed RG and LSLC compared with grapevines expressing AGY alone. Phytoplasmas were detected in symptomless plant material but less frequently compared with AGY-affected material.     

Functional Analysis of ABC Transporter Genes From Botrytis cinerea Identifies BcatrB as a Transporter of Eugenol

The role of multiple ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter genes from the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea in protection against natural fungitoxic compounds was studied by expression analysis and phenotyping of gene-replacement mutants. The expression of 11 ABC (BcatrA–BcatrK) and three MFS genes (Bcmfs1, Bcmfs2 and Bcmfs4) was studied. All genes showed a low basal level of expression, but were differentially induced by treatment with cycloheximide and the plant defence compounds camptothecin, eugenol, psoralen, resveratrol and rishitin. The latter compounds induced expression of BcatrB at a high level. Eugenol was more toxic to BcatrB gene-replacement mutants than to the control isolates. Eugenol also caused an instantaneous increase in mycelial accumulation of the fungicide fludioxonil, a known substrate of BcatrB. However, there was no difference in virulence between the wild-type and BcatrB gene-replacement mutants on Ocimum basilicum, a plant known to contain eugenol. The results indicate that BcatrB is a transporter of lipophilic compounds, such as eugenol, but its role in virulence remains uncertain.