Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus found in milk macrophages but not in milk lymphocytes or mammary gland epithelia of naturally infected sheep

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) causes ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. JSRV can be transmitted via infected colostrum or milk, which contain somatic cells (SCs) harboring JSRV provirus. Nevertheless, the cell types involved in this form of transmission and the involvement of the mammary gland remain unknown. We separated adherent cells (macrophages and monocytes) by plastic adherence, and lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and B cells) by flow cytometry, from SCs in milk samples from 12 naturally infected, PCR blood test JSRV–positive, subclinical ewes. These cell populations were tested by PCR to detect JSRV provirus. The ewes were euthanized, and mammary gland samples were analyzed immunohistochemically to detect JSRV surface protein. We did not detect JSRV provirus in any milk lymphocyte population, but milk adherent cells were positive in 3 of 12 sheep, suggesting a potential major role of this population in the lactogenic transmission of JSRV. Immunohistochemistry did not reveal positive results in mammary epithelial cells, pointing to a lack of participation of the mammary gland in the biological cycle of JSRV and reducing the probability of excretion of free viral particles in colostrum or milk.     

发酵乳对肥胖小鼠肝脂代谢和肠道菌群的影响

为分析发酵乳对肥胖小鼠肝脂代谢和肠道菌群的影响,本研究将60只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为5组：正常对照组（CON）、模型组（MD）、易善复组（YG）、低浓度发酵乳干预组（LFG）和高浓度发酵乳干预组（HFG）。肥胖模型造模成功后进行为期6周的灌胃,试验结束测量小鼠的空腹体重和身长,计算LEE’S指数,采血检测生化指标,采集肝脏组织观察病理变化;采集小鼠盲肠内容物进行肠道菌群测序。结果表明：1）与CON相比,MD小鼠体重、LEE’S指数、ALT和AST均极显著提升（P<0.01）,表明肥胖模型建立成功。2）与MD相比,发酵乳干预组小鼠体重、LEE’S指数、ALT和TC均极显著下降（P<0.01）,其中AST和TG显著下降（P<0.05）,同时发酵乳和易善复组小鼠肝组织脂肪变性有明显好转,基本没有明显的脂肪空泡。表明发酵乳可以抑制肥胖小鼠体重的增加,改善肥胖小鼠的肝脂代谢功能。3）与MD相比干预组小鼠肠道菌群的多样性水平有一定程度的恢复,尤其是厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门。表明发酵乳对于小鼠肠道菌群多样性的恢复有一定的作用。综上,本研究阐明了发酵乳对肥胖小鼠肝脂代谢和肠道菌群的影响,为功能型发酵乳的开发提供理论依据。     

橄榄鲜食新品系‘灵峰’和‘闽清2号’的主要性状综合评价

‘灵峰’和‘闽清2号’橄榄是从福州地区的‘长营’橄榄实生群体中筛选出的鲜食新品系。‘灵峰’橄榄果实椭圆形,平均单果重7.40 g,可食率81.00%,总糖4.10%,总酸1.16%,可溶性固形物11.40%,钙1230.00 mg.Kg-1;果皮黄绿色,果肉黄白色,果肉质地脆、化渣无涩味,回甘好,为晚熟类型。‘闽清2号’橄榄果实纺锤形,平均单果重7.60 g,可食率82.40%,总糖2.46%,总酸1.19%,可溶性固形物8.83%,钙627.33 mg.Kg-1;果皮绿色,果肉黄白色,果肉质地脆、化渣无涩味,风味清淡,并且表现出丰产和稳产特性,为中熟类型。‘灵峰’橄榄可作为鲜食品系,‘闽清2号’橄榄可作为鲜食兼加工品系。     

蛋、奶中甲硝唑残留检测的高效液相色谱法研究

建立鸡蛋、牛奶中甲硝唑残留检测的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)。样品中甲硝唑用乙酸乙酯提取、浓缩后用正己烷-乙酸乙酯(2∶1)溶解,Silica(SiO2)固相萃取柱净化,氮气吹干,流动相溶解,HPLC测定。固定相为C18色谱柱,流动相为pH 4.3醋酸缓冲液∶乙腈(88∶12,V/V),紫外检测波长325 nm。该方法可检出鸡蛋、牛奶中甲硝唑的最低定量限为1μg/kg,在空白样品添加浓度为1μg/kg时,鸡蛋、牛奶中甲硝唑的平均回收率分别为69%和75%,日间变异系数均小于15%。产蛋鸡连续饲喂含甲硝唑(250 mg/kg)饲料1周,用所建方法可检测到停药后14 d内鸡蛋中原药及代谢物残留。结果表明,该方法的样品处理方法简单,最低定量限、回收率和变异系数符合兽药残留检测方法要求。     

陕西市售液态牛奶中黄曲霉毒素M1污染水平分析及风险评估

【目的】全面评价陕西液态牛奶中黄曲霉毒素M_1(aflatoxin M_1,AFM_1)污染状况及其产生的健康风险。【方法】于2018年上半年在陕西全省范围内城市、县城及乡镇采集液态奶样本111份进行检测,结合中国居民营养与健康状况监测数据库中液态奶消费数据,对不同人群通过液态奶对AFM_1的摄入水平进行分析。采用联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)确立的AFM_1暴露引发肝癌风险公式和安全限值两种方法,分析描述相关健康风险。【结果】111份液态奶样本中95份检出AFM_1,但均未超过国家限量标准,平均含量为23.95 ng/kg。不同性别年龄组中,一般人群对AFM_1的平均摄入量为0.004～0.082 ng/(kg·d),肝癌风险为0.010～0.225例/(亿人·年),消费人群对AFM_1平均摄入量为0.041～0.272 ng/(kg·d),肝癌风险为0.113～0.745例/(亿人·年)。【结论】陕西液态牛奶中AFM_1污染引发的健康风险总体较低,但需对部分低年龄段(2～11岁)液态奶消费人群AFM_1膳食暴露引发的健康风险予以关注。     

Performance,milk fatty acid composition and behaviour of high-yielding Holstein dairy cows given a limited grazing period

The effects of a limited grazing period on the performance, behaviour and milk composition of high-yielding dairy cows were examined. A total of 56 Holstein cows yielding 44.7 ± 0.42 kg/day were allocated to one of four treatments in one of two, 4-week periods. Treatments were as follows: control (C)—cows housed and offered TMR ad libitum; early grazing (EG)—cows grazed for 6 hr after morning milking then housed; delayed grazing (DG)—cows returned to housing for 1 hr after morning milking followed by grazing for 6 hr, then housed; restricted TMR (RT)—cows grazed for 6 hr after morning milking, then housed and fed TMR at 75% of ad libitum. Intake of TMR was highest in cows receiving C, intermediate in EG and DG, and lowest in RT at 26.9, 23.6, 24.7 and 20.3 kg DM/day respectively. Pasture intake was similar in cows receiving EG or DG, but was higher in RT at 2.4, 2.0 and 3.5 kg DM/day respectively. Milk yield was similar between cows receiving C, EG or DG, but lowest in RT at 45.7, 44.2, 44.9 and 41.7 kg/cow, respectively, while milk fat content of C18:3 n-3 was increased by grazing. Cows in C spent more than 55 min/day longer lying and had three additional lying bouts/day, while lying bouts were shorter than for cows receiving EG, RT or DG. It is concluded that high-yielding cows can be grazed for 6 hr/day with little impact on performance, provided TMR is available ad libitum when housed.     

不同蛋白质水平代乳粉对牦犊牛体重及血清生化指标的影响

为探究西藏地区牦牛代乳粉哺育犊牛的适宜蛋白质水平,本试验以藏区高山牦牛为研究对象,研究不同蛋白水平对哺乳期牦犊牛的体重和血清学指标的影响,以筛选出蛋白质水平最佳的代乳粉。选取40头新生当雄县牦犊牛,随机分为4组(n=10):对照组犊牛随母牦牛哺乳(CON),试验组犊牛分别饲喂蛋白水平为21.95%低蛋白组(LP)、24.28%中蛋白组(MP)和26.11%高蛋白组(HP)3种牦牛代乳品。饲喂时间为犊牛30～90d日龄,期间跟踪测定犊牛体重,并分别在30、60和90d日龄采集血清进行分析。结果表明:饲喂3种代乳粉的犊牛体重均显著高于对照组(P0.001),120d日龄时HP组犊牛体重达到最高值;3种代乳粉对犊牛血清抗氧化指标和免疫指标产生一定的影响,其中HP组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性有高于LP组的趋势(0.05P0.1),且HP组丙二醛含量及肿瘤坏死因子a较其他3组低,而免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgM)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性均较其他3组高。综合分析显示在西藏地区蛋白水平为26%的牦牛代乳粉饲喂哺乳期牦犊牛的效果较好。     

美国奶业新特点、新趋势及对中国的启示

美国奶业发展历史悠久,其生产端、消费端乃至流通贸易方面长期积累的丰富经验,对中国奶业振兴具有一定的参考价值。笔者对2000年以来美国奶业生产、价格、消费、贸易等方面所呈现的新特点进行分析,对奶业相关的支持政策及其变化趋势进行梳理。研究发现,近年来,美国奶牛场数量向北部和西部集中,500头以上规模化牧场成为主流,奶牛存栏增加;技术进步推动奶牛单产突破10 t,生鲜乳产量接近1亿t。基于分级定价的乳成分定价机制不断完善,近5年生鲜乳价格低位运行,2019年快速复苏。乳制品加工业向龙头企业集中,奶酪是主要加工产品。乳制品消费逐年增长,年人均消费量达292.90 kg,奶酪是主要增长点且增速加快。乳制品贸易波动增加,出口目的地集中在北美、东亚和东南亚地区,品类以奶粉、奶酪和乳清为主。奶业产业支持政策广泛涵盖生产、消费、贸易等各环节,各政策间功能互补、协调配套,形成了强大的政策合力与综合效能。美国奶业在产业组织、运行机制、政策配套等方面的经验与做法,对推动完善中国奶业利益联结机制、优化生鲜乳价格形成机制、完善奶业支持政策体系和培育乳制品消费习惯等方面具有重要启示。     

猴头菇双层奶工艺和配方的研究

以猴头菇、牛奶、鸡蛋为主要原料研发一款猴头菇双层奶,通过感官评价的方法优化猴头菇双层奶的配方和工艺。结果表明,双层奶上层配方为：牛奶200 g、绵白糖38 g、菠萝汁62.5 g、全蛋液41 g、奶粉5 g、明胶1.2 g;下层配方是：牛奶200 g、菇浆24 g、奶粉2.88 g、绵白糖20 g、蛋清35 g、白醋0.2%;上层与下层质量比为8∶92。加工条件为：下层奶在90 ℃的蒸汽下加热35 min,加入上层奶,蒸20 min。按此工艺和配方制得的双层奶层次清晰,颜色分明,上层暖黄色、有弹性及菠萝芳香,下层纯白色、绵软顺滑、味道清淡。     

外源施加棉子糖对离体拟南芥叶片失水速率的影响

[目的]研究外源施加棉子糖与植物成熟器官耐逆的相关性。[方法]将拟南芥离体叶片分别浸泡在Hoagland水溶液和0.1%棉子糖(W/V)的Hoagland水溶液中,黑暗中浸泡24 h,重复5次,探讨了含0.1%(W/V)棉子糖的Hoagland溶液对拟南芥离体叶片失水速率的影响。[结果]含0.1%棉子糖的Hoagland水溶液处理叶片的饱和鲜重为对照的104.46%。在正常温度光照条件下,含0.1%棉子糖的Hoagland处理的叶片失水速率与对照的基本保持一致,但同样时间点测量的鲜重较高。含0.1%棉子糖的Hoagland处理的叶片干重较对照的偏高,为对照的104.20%。[结论]外源施加棉子糖增加了饱和鲜重和干重,提高了拟南芥离体叶片的脱水胁迫耐性,同样时间点的生物量下降较少,失水速率基本不变。