A breath of fresh air: avoiding anoxia and mortality of freshwater turtles in fyke nets by the use of floats

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Effects of dietary magnesium on the growth,carapace strength and tissue magnesium concentrations of soft‐shelled turtle,Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann)

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary magnesium on the growth, carapace strength, tissue and serum Mg concentration of soft‐shelled turtles, Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann). Juvenile soft‐shelled turtles of approximate 5.4 g body weight were fed diets with seven levels of Mg (48, 206, 369, 670, 955, 1195 and 1500 mg Mg kg^?1) for eight weeks. No significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) was found in weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio or protein efficiency ratio among treatments. However, the WG of turtles continued to increase with increasing dietary Mg levels up to 670 mg kg^?1, beyond which the WG levelled off. The plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and the muscle, bone Mg concentrations of the turtles increased with the increasing dietary Mg levels between 48 and 955 mg kg^?1, beyond which the tissue Mg concentrations remained relatively constant. Furthermore, the carapace strengths of turtles fed with the control diet of 48 mg Mg kg^?1 were significantly weaker (P < 0.05) than that of turtles fed with diets containing higher Mg levels. Based on a broken‐line modelling analysis, the required dietary Mg level for the optimal WG of juvenile soft‐shelled turtles was estimated to be approximately 650 mg kg^?1. By contrast, the required dietary Mg levels for turtles to reach the optimal muscle and bone Mg concentrations were 1050 and 1000 mg kg^?1 respectively. The required dietary Mg level for maximal alkaline phosphatase activity was approximately 980 mg kg^?1.     

不同光质LED光源对坛紫菜自由丝状体生长和生理特性的影响

以野生型坛紫菜自由丝状体为培养材料,研究不同光质(绿光510~550 nm、蓝光455~475 nm、红光580~630 nm、白光400~760 nm)的发光二极管(LED)对无性增殖过程中自由丝状体生长及生理特性的影响。结果显示,蓝光能提高自由丝状体的生长速率,蓝光下藻体增重分别是白光、绿光、红光下藻体增重的1.10倍、1.82倍和2.17倍。蓝光处理有助于叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的积累,二者含量分别较白光、绿光和红光处理提高13.77%、47.69%、63.42%和8.87%、87.07%、97.73%。蓝光和白光均有利于藻红蛋白合成,而绿光和红光降低藻红蛋白合成,但4种光质的LED光源对藻蓝蛋白合成的影响无显著性差异。蓝光能显著提高碳酸酐酶(CA)活性,较白光下CA活性增加11.36%。蓝光和绿光显著提高1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubis CO)活性,分别较白光下Rubis CO活性增加28.17%和61.21%。红光和绿光下藻体在培养后期的色泽暗淡,星状色素体少,部分藻体细胞内容物溢出,呈中空状态;而蓝光和白光下藻体健康正常,色泽鲜红。研究表明,在今后的坛紫菜自由丝状体无性扩繁过程中可以适当增加LED光源的蓝光组分,减少红光和绿光组分。     

Incidental capture of Caretta caretta in trammel nets off the western coast of Sardinia (Italy): statistical models of capture abundance and immediate survival

• 1. Trammel nets are one important cause of sea turtle mortality resulting from incidental capture. This study presents findings over a 10‐year period during which loggerhead turtle by‐catch in trammel nets, set off the central west coast of Sardinia (Italy) in the summer months, was recorded by 17 fishing vessels.
• 2. Since the by‐catch registered represented counts of a rare event, data from the 17 vessels were used in the zero‐inflated Poisson (ZIP) model to determine the abundance of turtle by‐catch in trammel nets of the entire fleet, while a binomial generalized linear model was used to assess the probability of immediate survival for sea turtles incidentally caught in this gear.
• 3. The ZIP model quantified in about 45% the probability that 0.6 turtles have been caught by each vessel using trammel nets during summer over the 10‐year period. In addition, the model estimated a total of 916 by‐catch if the entire small‐scale fleet was to use trammel nets in the study area in the summers between 1992 and 2001, with a direct mortality rate of 69%.
• 4. The probability of immediate survival for sea turtles caught in trammel nets seems to be directly related to the size of the specimens caught; however, this relationship is plausible only when incidental capture in the net occurs shortly before gear retrieval.
• 5. The study area represents a region where the abundance of sea turtle by‐catch per vessel in trammel nets was much higher in July and August than in June and could represent a potential hot spot for the presence of juvenile loggerhead turtles, with high levels of interactions between the species and this fishing gear. Further research should better characterize the incidents of by‐catch and assess potential innovative solutions that allow small‐scale fisheries to coexist alongside sea turtles. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) after intravenous and intramuscular administration

The present study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic features of tolfenamic acid (TA) in green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas. Green sea turtles were administered single either intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) injection of TA, at a dose of 4 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at preassigned times up to 168 hr. The plasma concentrations of TA were measured using a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Tolfenamic acid plasma concentrations were quantifiable for up to 168 hr after i.v. and i.m. administration. The concentration of TA in the experimental green sea turtles with respect to time was pharmacokinetically analyzed using a noncompartment model. The C_max values of TA were 55.01 ± 8.34 µg/ml following i.m. administration. The elimination half-life values were 32.76 ± 4.68 hr and 53.69 ± 3.38 hr after i.v. and i.m. administration, respectively. The absolute i.m. bioavailability was 72.02 ± 10.23%, and the average binding percentage of TA to plasma protein was 19.43 ± 6.75%. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, the i.m. administration of TA at a dosage of 4 mg/kg b.w. might be sufficient to produce a long-lasting anti-inflammatory effect (7 days) for green sea turtles. However, further studies are needed to determine the clinical efficacy of TA for treatment of inflammatory disease after single and multiple dosages.     

Hepatic CT attenuation differs in three species of freshwater turtles and hepatic Hounsfield units increase with folliculogenesis in wild Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii)

Freshwater turtle species are suffering from anthropocentric‐caused population declines, making preservation of professionally managed populations increasingly important. Turtles under professional care have an increased risk to develop hepatic lipidosis, potentially resulting in early death. Computed tomography can provide an antemortem screening for increased fatty liver composition. A goal of this prospective analytical cross‐sectional study was to assess the hepatic attenuation measured as Hounsfield units (HU) in a wild population of a freshwater turtle species, and then compare hepatic HU to freshwater turtles under professional care. Ninety‐five wild Blanding's turtles (BT; Emydoidea blandingii) as well as 10 Vietnamese Pond turtles (VPT; Mauremys annamensis) and six Northern Snake‐Necked turtles (NSNT; Chelodina oblonga) under professional care underwent CT with quantification of hepatic HU. Hepatic HU were correlated to serum chemistry findings and the presence of follicles was recorded in BT. The mean (±SD) hepatic attenuation for 95 wild BT was 97.5 HU ±9.6. There were significant differences in hepatic attenuation among VPT, NSNT, and BT, with median HU values (range) of 5.39 HU (–6.45 to 61.50), 71.74 HU (59.44‐94.49), and 95.43 HU (74.41‐124.56), respectively. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values had a weak negative correlation to HU with a coefficient of –0.85 (P < .001). The hepatic attenuation was significantly higher for individuals undergoing folliculogenesis (P = .007). The decreased HU values were significantly negatively correlated with AST values. Findings supported the use of CT as an aid for guiding future management practices in freshwater turtles.     

Comparison of different strategies for isolation and preliminary identification of Azotobacter from soil samples

Due to the role of azotobacteria in nitrogen fixation and to their potential biotechnological applications, there is some challenge in developing an effective strategy for the selective isolation of these micro-organisms from soil. One hundred ninety-six Gram-negative strains were isolated from 35 soils sampled in central Italy, by using and comparing three different methods. The screening of soil samples by means of soil paste-plate method combined with isolation on mannitol-agar proved to be the best strategy in terms of reliability and selectivity. Moreover, preliminary recognition of free-living nitrogen-fixing isolates on differential LG medium revealed to be extremely accurate, since the majority of the isolates with Azotobacter-like morphology on such a medium were presumptively identified as members of the family Azotobacteraceae, by means of amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis.     

热带大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中海龟的兼捕与保护

海龟处于海洋生态结构的顶端,对海洋生态系统的多样性和稳定性起到了重要的调控作用。根据2009~2019年科学观察员对热带大西洋公海海域(15°N～15°S, 15°W ～45°W)金枪鱼延绳钓渔业的调查数据,分析了兼捕海龟现象。结果发现：共误捕到蠵龟(Caretta caretta)、大西洋丽龟(Lepidochelys kempii)和棱皮龟(Dermochelys coriacea)3种累计108 只,其中海龟死亡32只。年兼捕率范围在0.0016~0.0693只/千钩,直接咬钩和被支绳缠绕是兼捕的主要方式;兼捕时间上存在一定季节性差异,高兼捕率BPUE(By-catch Per Unit Effort)发生在10月到翌年5月;赤道以北兼捕率年际间出现波动,但总体变化幅度不大,赤道以南兼捕率年际差异较大,2009~2013年间未发现海龟兼捕,但自2013年后南纬BPUE增长趋势明显,于2015年达最大值,随后BPUE逐渐降低至2019年到达最小值;海龟兼捕易受到月相强度的影响,往往在满月或接近满月的环境下兼捕现象明显增多;某些特定温度区间会出现不同种类海龟的兼捕,棱皮龟在水温24 ~26 ℃时兼捕更易发生,丽龟兼捕则在26 ~27 ℃间更为集中。此外,本文探究了近年来中国船队海龟兼捕存活率提高的原因,建议在今后为有效降低热带大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中海龟兼捕,应根据作业海域、目标鱼种和环境因子的不同适时调整相关养护对策。