泵用压电振子与泵腔体积变化的测试研究

为了准确获得压电泵泵腔体积的变化量,针对影响泵腔体积变化的关键因素——压电振子的变形特性进行分析,并采取非接触的测量方式对基板直径为65 mm,陶瓷直径为60 mm的圆形压电振子进行变形测试.在测试中对该压电振子的中心点在不同电压信号驱动下振幅随频率、驱动电压的变化规律以及压电振子径向各点在正弦电压信号驱动下振幅随半径的变化规律进行了研究.根据压电振子径向各点振幅的变化规律利用Matlab软件进行二次函数曲线拟合计算,得到压电振子的径向切面变形拟合曲线,根据拟合曲线,建立了压电泵泵腔体积变化量的理论计算方法.结果表明：压电振子中心点振幅随频率的增大而逐渐减小,随驱动电压的增大而增大;径向各点振幅随各点半径的增大而减小;拟合计算结果与实测数据基本吻合,最大相对误差仅为6.96%;利用压电泵泵腔体积变化量的理论计算方法,计算得到利用该圆形压电单晶片振子制作的压电泵在100 V,30 Hz正弦电压信号的作用下,泵腔每次振动产生的体积变化量约为34.009 mm3,理论上最大输出流量为61.216 mL/min.     

玉米叶混掺对土壤水分入渗的影响

通过不同玉米叶混掺比例及混掺层埋深的垂直入渗试验,并以纯土为对照,研究玉米叶混掺对累积入渗量、入渗率及剖面含水率等的影响。结果表明,处理间土壤水分特征曲线差异明显;相同土壤水吸力下,添加玉米叶的土壤含水率均高于纯土处理,且添加3%玉米叶的土壤保水性明显优于添加1%玉米叶;土壤密度一定时,累积入渗量均表现为纯土1%玉米叶处理3%玉米叶处理;添加3%玉米叶对剖面含水率的影响高于1%玉米叶。     

根土复合体的抗剪特性研究

为了研究根系对土体的加固效应,模拟矿区排土场边坡恢复植被油松样地的含水率与土壤密度,以根径和埋根方式为控制因素,制备根土复合体,利用全自动三轴仪,进行了固结不排水(CU)剪切试验。结果表明,与素土相比,根系能够提高土体的极限主应力差,增强土体抵抗破坏的能力。根土复合体是一种特殊的弹塑型材料,其主应力差与轴向应变曲线呈光滑非线性特征,随着围压的增大,表现出由应变硬化型向应变软化型转型的特征;围压对极限主应力差影响显著,埋根方式、根系直径对极限主应力差的影响不显著。随着根径的增加,不论是水平埋根还是垂直埋根,根土复合体的粘聚力均为增加的趋势;垂直埋根的根土复合体则随着根径的增加内摩擦角增大,而水平埋根的根土复合体的内摩擦角则有轻微的减小。根土复合体的Wu-Waldron根粘聚力模型修正系数K″范围为0.11~0.37。     

Influence of summer legume residue recycling and varietal diversification on productivity,energetics, and nutrient dynamics in basmati rice–wheat cropping system of western Indo-Gangetic Plains

A field experiment was conducted on summer mungbean residue recycling (SMBRR) and basmati rice–wheat cropping system (BRWCS) at New Delhi, India. The SMBRR enhanced the system productivity and net returns by ～19.1% and 22.1% compared to summer fallow (SF) with highest magnitude under genotypic sequence of P 2511/HD 2967. Two genotypes each in basmati rice (PB 1 and P 2511) and wheat (HD 2967 and HD 2733) responded well to SMBRR with respect to grain yield efficiency index (GYEI) ≥ 1.0. SMBRR also registered ～13.5% higher microbial biomass carbon (MBC) than SF. Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage also increased by ～6.8% in 0–30 cm soil layer. The rice–wheat–summer mungbean system produced significantly highest energy efficiency compared to the rice–wheat–summer fallow system with highest values under genotypic sequence of P 2511/HD 2967 as a result of better yield expression. Overall, SMBRR with suitable genotypic sequence improved the system productivity, profitability, and nutrient dynamics in BRWCS, which are vital for long-term sustainability of this system.     

枯草芽孢杆菌对盐碱土面蒸发及水盐分布的影响

基于室内模拟土面蒸发试验和土壤持水性能试验,设置5种不同含量枯草芽孢杆菌(0,1,3,5,7g/kg)处理,研究不同含量枯草芽孢杆菌对盐碱土面蒸发及水盐分布的影响。结果表明:(1)施加枯草芽孢杆菌后,土壤累积蒸发量、蒸发速率均显著降低,在蒸发开始后2天,枯草芽孢杆菌的保水性能显现,枯草芽孢杆菌含量为0,1,3,5,7g/kg的累积蒸发量和蒸发速率均小于0g/kg,在3g/kg时累积蒸发量和蒸发速率最小,蒸发后41天,处理为1,3,5,7g/kg累积蒸发量较0g/kg分别减少了16.63%,21.39%,11.26%,5.96%,且不同处理间差异极显著(P0.05)。(2)枯草芽孢杆菌同样影响Black和Rose蒸发模型,对于Black蒸发模型,随着枯草芽孢杆菌含量的增大,蒸发参数B呈现先减后增的趋势,与0g/kg相比较为显著(P0.05);对于Rose蒸发模型,随着枯草芽孢杆菌含量的增大,稳定蒸发参数C和水分扩散参数D均呈现先减少后增大的趋势,其中在含量为3g/kg时取得最小值,并且各处理差异性较为显著。(3)枯草芽孢杆菌能增加土壤的保水性能,在6cm深度处,施加量为1,3,5,7g/kg相比0g/kg的剖面含水量分别增加了28.24%,37.40%,20.00%,6.87%。(4)枯草芽孢杆菌的添加使土壤的含盐量显著减少,枯草芽孢杆菌施加量为1,3,5,7g/kg相比0g/kg的处理分别降低了32.26%,46.89%,26.34%,14.65%。(5)当枯草芽孢杆菌含量为3g/kg时,van Genuchten公式中土壤的滞留含水率θr、饱和含水率θs和与进气值有关的参数α最大,形状系数n最小,且各处理差异显著。综上,在盐碱土中施加3g/kg的枯草芽孢杆菌,可使盐碱土壤抑盐,提高土壤的持水性能。     

腐殖酸-高岭石胶体对铀(VI)在饱和多孔介质中迁移过程的影响

为探讨可溶性有机质存在条件下黏土矿物胶体对铀（VI）在饱和多孔介质中迁移的影响,选取2种石英砂（细砂和粗砂）分别构建均质构型的石英砂柱,研究了饱和水流条件下腐殖酸存在时高岭石胶体对铀在2种不同粒径石英砂中迁移的影响。结果表明,示踪溶质在2种均质石英砂柱中的穿透曲线相似且分布对称。当在石英砂柱中只通入铀（VI）溶液时,铀（VI）在2种粒径石英砂柱中的穿透量均较小（<25%）,此时大量的铀（VI）通过络合作用吸附在石英砂表面上。当通入溶液中存在腐殖酸和高岭石胶体时,铀（VI）在2种石英砂柱中的穿透量增加,且在600~850 μm石英砂中（58.36%）比250~425 μm石英砂中（42.68%）穿透量更多。这充分表明腐殖酸—高岭石胶体和石英砂粒径是影响铀（VI）在地下环境中迁移的重要因素。     

东北地区春玉米临界氮浓度稀释曲线的建立和验证

过量施氮是目前玉米栽培中存在的普遍现象,基于临界氮浓度稀释曲线计算得出的氮营养指数是诊断氮营养丰缺的重要手段。基于东北地区4个生态点的试验数据,构建了东北地区春玉米临界氮稀释曲线,并在此基础上建立了氮营养指数模型和需氮量模型,结果表明,东北地区春玉米地上部临界氮浓度与生物量符合幂函数关系。利用独立试验资料对建立的临界氮浓度稀释曲线进行检验,发现基于临界氮浓度稀释模型计算的氮营养指数可以准确诊断玉米植株的氮营养状况,并计算出实时的氮素需求量。该研究建立的东北地区春玉米临界氮稀释模型可以为该地区春玉米的氮营养诊断和动态调控提供较好的理论和技术指导。     

Weed community responses to soil type during transition to no-till practice on smallholder farms in Zimbabwe

Understanding drivers of weed density and diversity is essential for the development of weed management strategies. Here, we compared temporal changes in weed density and diversity under no-till (NT) and conventional (CONV) tillage systems in cotton–maize rotations on loam, clay loam and sandy loam soils immediately after transition to NT in Kadoma, Zimbabwe. The effect of tillage system on weed density varied through the growth season and was dependent upon soil type and species composition of the weed community. Although weed responses to tillage system varied amongst species, we identified general trend effects on weed density on specific soils. At 3 weeks after crop emergence (WACE), weed density on loam soils was 76% and 96% higher in NT than in CONV during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons, respectively, and on clay loam soils it was 37% and 33% higher in NT than CONV, respectively. Weed densities in NT and CONV were similar across all soil types at 6 WACE during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons and at 9 WACE in 2009/2010. Tillage system did not affect weed density during the growth season on sandy loam soils. Weed diversity (Shannon index) was at least 75% higher in NT than CONV on loam and clay loam soils at 3 WACE during both seasons. It is likely these increases in weed densities following conversion to NT will exacerbate already prevalent weed management problems in the smallholder sector. Earlier weeding is recommended to suppress weed emergence and reduce likely associated crop yield losses.     

不同品种茶树愈伤组织的培养与茶氨酸的积累

通过对福鼎大白、福云595、福安大白、福鼎大毫、福云六号5个茶树品种愈伤组织的继代培养,研究其愈伤组织生长与茶氨酸积累规律,建立Logistic数学模型.结果表明:愈伤组织生长量与茶氨酸含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01);福鼎大白的愈伤组织生长量与茶氨酸质量分数最高,分别是2.26g·瓶-1、176.143mg·g-1;愈伤组织生长量与茶氨酸含量的大小顺序均为福鼎大白茶、福云595、福安大白、福鼎大毫和福云六号;茶氨酸的最佳收获时间为培养后24-28d.     

对崔-Lawson氏种群增长模型的探讨(Ⅲ)

简要述评了关于崔-Lawson模型讨论中的各种观点。作者认为崔-Lawson模型的推导过程中隐含有严重错误,不能将Michaelis-Menten方程视为崔-Lawson模型的理论基础。本文依据Smith模型提出了一个适合于描述S形增长过程的、具有可变拐点位置的方程(dN)/(dt)=a_m((N_m-N)/(N_m+kN))N。