退耕还草对中国食物安全的影响—以甘肃省为例

我国传统农业对谷物高产的追求导致土地的过度使用、许多不宜农用的土地被开垦为农田,因而改变耕地不合理的利用方式对食物安全具有重要意义。因此,以甘肃省为例,通过分析粮食播种面积、单产和总产量三者的相关性、甘肃省粮食供给和需求情况以及不同比例的耕地转变为牧草地时的食物产出效益,来探索耕地转化为牧草地的必要性及其对食物安全的潜在影响。结果表明：退耕还草具有必要性,一是因为传统农业粮食增产的空间十分有限,二是因为食物需求结构的变化导致口粮消费量递减。当15%的耕地转变成牧草地时,较低生产力（3 t·hm^-2）、中等生产力（6 t·hm^-2）、较高生产力（10 t·hm^-2）水平下的总食物当量变化分别为：减少2.3%、增加2.6%、增加16.8%。因此,退耕还草发展草地农业可以实现土地的最大效用并持久地服务于食物安全。     

Acute and long-term effects of alkaloid extract of Mitragyna speciosa on food and water intake and body weight in rats

Acute administration of Mitragyna speciosa (MS) extract (45 and 50 mg/kg) significantly resulted in dose-dependent decreases in food and water intakes (P<0.05) in rats. Prolonged suppressing effects were observed following administration of the MS extract (40 mg/kg) for 60 consecutive days. Moreover, the long-term administration also significantly suppressed weight gaining.     

Frugivory of carnivores and seed dispersal of fleshy fruits in cool-temperate deciduous forests

Five members of the order Carnivora in the cool-temperate deciduous forests of Japan consume the fruits of trees, and they are potential dispersers of the seeds of fleshy-fruited plants. We studied the frugivory of the Asiatic black bear, Japanese marten, badger, red fox, and raccoon dog in cool-temperate deciduous forest of central Japan. From May 2003 to April 2005, a total of 377 fecal samples of the five carnivores (bears, 91; martens, 158; badgers, 45; foxes, 36; and raccoon dogs, 47) were sampled to determine the presence and frequency of occurrence of seeds. Seeds from 17 plant species, representing about 50% of the fleshy-fruited plants occurring in the study forest, were recovered from the carnivore fecal samples. Large numbers (9–10,256) of seeds were present in those feces. Almost all the seeds of fleshy fruits retrieved from the fecal samples were undamaged whereas no intact acorns or nuts were recovered. These findings suggest that all five carnivores can act as seed dispersers for some fleshy-fruited plants in cool-temperate deciduous forest. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

信息技术对食品工业的影响

从信息技术对食品工业专业人才的培养、食品科技及高新技术在食品工业中的应用、食品企业管理体制的变革等方面阐述了信息技术对食品工业的发展所起的促动作用。     

山东省人口变动与粮食安全的作用机制研究

运用定性和定量相结合的方法,探讨山东省人口变动与粮食安全的深层次关系,并提出人口与粮食协调发展的建议。     

植保在现代茶产业上的地位及无害化治理

本文从茶树病虫害对茶叶产、值量造成的损失,滥用农药对茶园生态的破坏和农残超标对食品卫生安全、以及对产业发展的影响几个方面作了阐述。提出了茶园不用化学农药的可能性。并对无害化治理措施的特点、利用前景以及目前无害化治理的技术状况作了概述,提出了加强无害化治理研究的建议。     

Nitrogen flow and use efficiency in production and utilization of wheat,rice, and maize in China

China has long been the world’s most populous nation and faced the double challenge of ensuring its food security without causing catastrophic damage to the environment. Since the early 1960s, Chinese agricultural development has been premised on large domestic increases in nitrogen (N) fertilizer production and consumption. However, current utilization of fertilizer is far beyond optimum, with the fate of excess N largely unknown. Here, we report on N flows, losses, and use efficiency in the production and utilization of three major grain crops using data from 2004. We also use a scenario analysis to explore strategies for improving N use efficiency. Our calculations show that N use efficiency in food production and utilization is much lower than previously published estimates. Mean N surpluses of crop fields were 144 kg/ha for wheat, 184 kg/ha for rice, and 120 kg/ha for maize. We estimate that between 50% and 85% of N harvested as grain is lost for utilization by humans and animals. Fertilizer N use efficiency (FNUE) values in crop–animal system for wheat, rice, and maize were 13.4%, 11.3%, and 3.7%, respectively. This means 7.5, 8.9 and 27.1 kg of N fertilizer were required to produce 1 kg of N in food via fertilization for these three grains. Major room exists for improving the efficiency of N flow in Chinese crop systems. Our scenario analyses shows that increases in N use efficiency of fertilizer applied to cropland (RE), decreasing ratios of grain N headed to plant food processing (GUP), and increasing efficiency in animal production (ANU) would result in a marked decrease in N loss from these three crops amounting to one million ton of N, which accounted for 6% of total chemical fertilizer input. Improved N management in Chinese food production has major ramifications for global estimations of N use efficiency and environmental pollution by reactive N, particularly nitrous oxide emissions, a major anthropogenic contributor to global climate change.     

Control of postharvest diseases on citrus fruit by preharvest application of the biocontrol agent Pantoea agglomerans CPA-2: Part I. Study of different formulation strategies to improve survival of cells in unfavourable environmental conditions

The objective in the present study was to investigate the survival and effectiveness of different biological agent Pantoea agglomerans formulations against Penicillium spp. with different preharvest treatments. Results indicated a high sensitivity of non-adapted and osmotic-adapted P. agglomerans cells to environmental conditions in the field, resulting in preharvest treatments which were ineffective against Penicillium spp. In the second part of this study, dry conditions and solar radiation were identified as important environmental conditions that seriously affect populations of P. agglomerans cells. Different formulation strategies were tested in order to improve the resistance of cells to unfavourable environmental conditions. Osmotic-adapted P. agglomerans cells in the presence of 25 g L⁻¹ of NaCl in the production medium [osmotic-adapted treatment (P25)] or at water activities (a_w) of 0.98 [osmotic-adapted treatment (P98)] had higher survival rates than non-adapted cells, when these cells were sprayed on oranges and stored in hermetically sealed chambers at a low RH of 43%. Among seven additives tested, the presence of 5% Fungicover in the bacterial suspension improved adherence and persistence of P. agglomerans cells on oranges exposed to unfavourable conditions. Therefore, while P. agglomerans cells sprayed alone had log values of 0.5 CFU cm⁻², in combination with Fungicover the population level of P. agglomerans cells reached log values of 5 and 4.2 CFU cm⁻², at 0 and 24 h after application. Lyophilised cells showed greater resistance to unfavourable environmental conditions than fresh cells. The present study has demonstrated that the formulation improvement can provide better performance of biocontrol agents under environmental conditions non-conducive for growth and survival.     

樟树人工林树干茎流中无机阴离子变化特征研究

为探讨酸雨在城市森林生态系统中的变化规律,对长沙地区城市森林大气降水及樟树树干茎流中SO42-、NO3-、Cl-、NO2-、F-等5种水溶性无机阴离子进行定位监测.结果 表明,大气降水中主要的阴离子为SO42-、NO3-,占总阴离子含量的84.36％,pH 4.87,属典型的硫酸和硝酸混合型酸雨;树干茎流中主要的阴离子...     

炭肥混施下土壤养分缓释特征与芥菜镉富集响应模拟

土壤养分有效性是影响重金属富集植物的重要因素,为研究炭肥混施下土壤养分缓释特征及芥菜镉富集趋势,试验设置施肥比例(分别为基准施肥量的0、20%、40%、70%、100%,基准施肥量为N 350 kg/hm^2、P_2O5180 kg/hm^2、K_2O 180 kg/hm^2)以及施炭比例(炭肥质量比0、3%、9%)完全组合设计。结果表明:基于Logistic曲线模型模拟炭肥混施下土壤养分缓释特征及镉富集趋势效果较好,均方根误差占实测平均值的3. 29%～8. 37%且R2不小于0. 957 0。炭肥混施下土壤养分高效缓释的施肥比例区间为0. 99%～55. 18%,相比未施炭的有效氮、有效磷最大缓释效率值分别提升49. 17%～90. 00%、13. 25%～37. 35%,高效缓释下土壤养分含量提高17. 38%～40. 93%。镉富集下芥菜生物量通过土壤养分高效缓释增长119. 65%～263. 36%,且地上部相比根部的生物量高效累积最大效率值提高166. 67%～300. 00%,有效氮、有效磷响应区间分别扩大150. 00%、12. 51%,为镉由根部向地上部的转运提供动力基础;芥菜镉含量、富集系数在土壤养分高效缓释区间增长97. 79%～201. 96%。为满足芥菜镉高效富集并兼顾肥料节约,通过模型反算得炭肥混施策略优化为:9%施炭下有效氮、有效磷和有效钾肥的比例分别为60. 58%、61. 32%、21. 48%。