基于稳定同位素技术的天津大神堂海域人工鱼礁区食物网结构研究

本研究对2016年6月在天津大神堂3个礁区(2010年建成的鱼礁区;2012年建成的鱼礁区;2014年建成的鱼礁区)和对照区域采集的生物消费者及其食物源样品的碳、氮稳定同位素组成进行了分析,通过IsoSource模型计算不同区域生物的食物网基础,并利用氮稳定同位素数据计算消费者的营养级。结果显示,根据δ13C值可以将其食物源分为浮游植物、悬浮颗粒有机物(POM)和沉积相颗粒有机物(SOM)三类;浮游植物对消费者的碳源贡献率(67.2%~81.5%)最大,是大神堂海域的生物食物网的基础。不同区域同一食物源的δ13C和δ15N值没有显著性差异;礁区内滤食性贝类毛蚶(Arca subcrenata)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)和长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)的δ13C值显著高于对照区,作为潜在碳源的浮游植物对其的贡献率显著增加。消费者的δ15N值则介于7.70‰~14.34‰之间,消费者的营养级介于2.0~3.95级之间。游泳生物食性生物的δ15N和营养级在礁区内有所提高,礁区建成的年份越长,其营养级与对照区域的差别越显著。稳定同位素研究表明,人工鱼礁建设可能导致鱼礁区内滤食性生物的食物来源组成改变,并提高游泳生物食性生物的营养级。     

缢蛏稚贝饵料和底质的研究

给缢蛏稚贝投以三角褐指藻加钙质角毛藻和叉鞭金藻加钙质角毛藻的饵料效果最佳，稚贝不但生长快(日平均增长壳长82微米)，而且存活率也高(90％)。饵料投放密度为：在培养第1-4天，2．5万个-5万个／毫升；第5-8天，每天增加至10万个／毫升左右；第9天后，可增至20万个／毫升。在稚贝培育初期宜在水底投放细砂或泥质砂，随着稚贝的生长发育，逐渐增加底质中泥土的比例，这样可提高育苗成活率。     

Nocturnal feeding reduces sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) pellet-catching ability

European sea bass exhibits a feeding rhythm with seasonal phase inversions: nocturnal feeding is predominant in winter, and diurnal feeding during the rest of the year. This explains the increased growth of sea bass fed at night during the winter months, but to fully assess such feeding practices, it is important to monitor food-catching efficiency in the dark. To evaluate the influence of nocturnal feeding on pellet-capture efficiency under laboratory conditions, we developed an infrared pellet detector linked to on-line recording with a microcomputer. Feed waste was recorded for eight groups of four sea bass (54.6±15.8 g body weight) fed either diurnal or nocturnal meals with long (>60 s) or short (<20 s) feed availability times. With short feed availability times, food-catching efficiency in complete darkness (0 lx) was reduced to 78.6%, compared to 93.5% in diurnally fed fish. This was confirmed in a second experiment, performed during winter, involving 4000 sea bass in four sea cages (1000 per cage) provided with self-feeders and pellets detectors. Feed waste amounted to less than 13% of the food distributed, but nocturnal demands (29% of total feed demands) were accompanied by higher levels of uneaten pellets (68% of the total feed waste) than diurnal demand. This suggests that if the aim is to reduce feed waste, nocturnal feeding should be restricted in sea cages.     

富集文库－菌落原位杂交法筛选栉孔扇贝的微卫星标记

应用微卫星富集文库─菌落原位杂交法,筛选得到了40个栉孔扇贝的微卫星标记.用固定了(AG)15和(AC)15探针的尼龙膜(Hybond N )捕捉含有微卫星DNA的片段,经洗脱、PCR扩增和TA克隆,构建栉孔扇贝的微卫星富集文库.利用ECL试剂盒(Amersham公司)标记的(AG)15和(AC)15探针进行菌落原位杂交筛选微卫星富集文库,阳性克隆经测序获得微卫星DNA.富集文库中1200个重组克隆经过菌落原位杂交后,532个(44.3%)为阳性克隆.任意挑选100个克隆测序,结果显示所有的克隆都至少含有一个微卫星位点.利用软件设计了65对特异性PCR引物,40对能扩增出清晰的带谱;利用48个栉孔扇贝个体评价微卫星位点,分析表明37个位点具有多态性.不同的位点获得的等位基因数目为2～14个不等,37个多态性位点共获得258个等位基因,平均每个位点获得7.0个等位基因.观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)及多态性信息含量值(PIC)的范围分别为0.1000～1.0000、0.1197～0.9831和0.1172～0.9782.结果表明,富集文库─菌落原位杂交法适合大规模筛选目标物种的微卫星标记.     

鸡粪高效降解微生物菌剂富集培养新法

以新鲜鸡粪为主要培养基,自然腐熟鸡粪(处理1),菌剂腐熟鸡粪和土壤(处理2),菌剂腐熟鸡粪(处理3)为富集样品连续5批堆肥驯化培养,使微生物菌群经历不同的生长环境,达到优胜劣汰的效果。处理1在5批富集培养中较处理2和处理3有较好的堆肥效果,说明其中有降解性能好的优势菌群,将其筛选出扩大培养,再回接到新鲜鸡粪中,将会快速、有效地降解新鲜鸡粪,达到良好的堆肥效果。     

Use of differently enriched rotifers,Brachionus plicatilis,during larviculture of haddock,Melanogrammus aeglefinus: effects on early growth,survival and body lipid composition

We evaluated the effects of enriched rotifers on growth, survival and on the lipid composition of haddock larvae. The treatments tested were (1) AlgaMac 2000^®, (2) AquaGrow^® Advantage and (3) Pavlova sp. paste and AlgaMac 2000^®. The treatments did not influence larval growth rate throughout the experimental period (P = 0.70). Larvae from all treatments grew approximately 8% of their dry weight per day between 1 and 29 days post hatch (dph). Treatment 3 resulted in the best survival, estimated to be 3 on a scale from 0 to 5, whereas for the two other groups the survival estimates were 0 and 2. Rotifers from treatment 1 had low sterol concentrations, high eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio and their feeding resulted in high larval mortality. Rotifers enriched with Pavlova sp. had the lowest proportions of the sum of saturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and sum of ω3 and the highest proportions of the sum of monounsaturated fatty acids (ΣMUFA). This was partially reflected in larvae from treatment 3 in that they had the highest proportions of ΣMUFA and the lowest proportions of Σω3 (P < 0.0001 for both analyses). In addition, these larvae had the highest and lowest ΣC₂₀ and ΣC₂₂ polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) respectively (P < 0.0001 for both analyses). We suggest that more research with ω3 and ω6 PUFA can lead to improvements in the rearing of haddock larvae produced in hatcheries.     

A comparison among differently enriched rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and their effect on Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae early growth, survival and lipid composition

We evaluated the effect of differently enriched rotifers on the early growth, survival and lipid composition of Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua). The enrichments tested were: (i) AlgaMac 2000^®; (ii) AquaGrow^® Advantage; and (iii) a combination of Pavlova sp. paste and AlgaMac 2000^®. Larvae from treatment 3 [1.50 ± 0.11 mg dry weight (dw) and 7.10 ± 0.14 dw specific growth rate (SGR)] were heavier (P = 0.006) and grew faster (P = 0.004) than larvae from treatment 2 (1.03 ± 0.04 mg dw and 6.29 ± 0.04 dw SGR). No significant differences were found in the final weight and SGR among larvae from treatment 1 (1.21 ± 0.07 mg dw and 6.58 ± 0.20 dw SGR) and larvae from treatments 2 and 3. The treatment 3 also resulted in the best survival at the end of the experimental period, estimated to be 3 on a scale from 1 to 5, whereas the survival estimates for the two other groups were 1–2. Larvae from the treatment 3 reached 37 days posthatch with levels of ω6DPA 32‐fold higher than newly hatched larvae. Differences in the larval enrichment of ω6DPA may explain the differences in growth and survival of the Atlantic cod larvae.     

基于食品安全的供应链合作伙伴关系研究

针对国内近年来频繁的食品安全问题,从食品供应链角度进行分析,查找现有食品供应链影响食品安全的隐患,指出构建食品供应链合作伙伴关系对于保障食品安全的重要意义,并提出构建食品供应链合作伙伴关系的措施,更有效保证食品安全。     

能源作物甜高粱和玉米对土壤重金属的富集比较

采用盆栽实验研究不同浓度重金属胁迫下(Cd、Pb、Cr)能源作物甜高粱和玉米不同器官Cd、Pb、Cr含量、富集系数以及冠部累积量。结果表明,Cd胁迫下,甜高粱不同器官Cd含量、富集系数以及冠部累积量(6.28~59.71μg)均高于玉米;Pb胁迫下,玉米不同器官Pb含量、富集系数以及冠部累积量(223.71~652.44μg)均高于甜高粱;随Cr浓度增加,甜高粱和玉米不同器官Cr含量、富集系数以及冠部累积量均呈上升趋势,在Cr胁迫下甜高粱和玉米的生物量较小,冠部Cr累积量小。相比之下,甜高粱适合修复Cd污染土壤,玉米适合修复Pb污染土壤,两种作物均不适合修复Cr污染土壤。     

绿色农业与标准化生产

近年来随着现代农业的发展,农业生态环境及食品安全问题日益突出。由于不合理使用化肥、农药,食品中残留的有害物质得不到有效控制,食品安全问题成为当今我国传统农业生产中难以逾越的发展壁垒。为了防止食品污染,保护农业生态环境及人类自身健康,发展绿色农业及标准化生产是当前乃至今后一个时期内我国农业发展的必然选择。尤其对黑龙江垦区广大机械化程度相对较高、管理体制较为健全、规模化生产日趋合理的农场。努力打造绿色品牌,把食品安全问题上升到战略高度,成为垦区农业不断创新与发展的必然选择。