紫茎泽兰精油各馏份对4种仓库害虫的杀虫活性

用紫茎泽兰精油的２０℃￣１５０℃,１５０℃￣２００℃,２００℃￣２３０℃,２３０℃￣３００℃和３００℃以上馏份,分别以４４．４４ｍｇ／Ｌ的熏蒸浓度处理米像、玉米象、绿豆象和蚕豆象,结果表明,在５个馏份中,以１５０℃￣２００℃馏份的杀虫活性最高,其次是２０℃￣１５０℃和２２０℃￣２３０℃馏份,而３００℃以上馏份的杀虫活性最低。进一步的生测结果表明,１５０℃￣２００℃馏份对米象、玉米象、绿豆象和蚕豆象     

苹果籽油的超临界CO2萃取及其脂肪酸含量分析

以苹果籽为原料,应用CO2超临界流体萃取技术,采用单因素试验考察了投料量、原料破碎度、萃取压力、萃取温度、CO2流量、萃取时间等对CO2超临界流体萃取的影响,并利用气相色谱分析了苹果籽油的组成及其含量。结果表明,苹果籽油的CO2超临界流体最佳萃取条件为:投料量300 g,原料破碎度0.297 mm,萃取压力35 M Pa,萃取温度30-35℃,CO2流量25 kg/h,萃取时间2 h,在此条件下苹果籽油萃取率可达22.85%;苹果籽油中总不饱和脂肪酸相对含量为91.81%,其中油酸32.27%,亚油酸59.54%。     

女山湖渔业资源及鱼类增养殖措施的研究

根据女山湖天然饵料资源及鱼类组成结构状况,通过人工放流、自然增殖补充鱼类,移殖水生经济动物,逐渐调整鱼类结构组成,使湖内天然饵料资源得以合理充分利用,辅以围拦网人工养殖,水产品产量由1994年的456 kg/hm2提高到1999年的534 kg/hm2,经济效益较为显著.     

Community-based conservation results in the recovery of reef fish spawning aggregations in the Coral Triangle

In the Coral Triangle community-based marine protected areas (MPAs) are being established at a prolific rate. Their establishment can benefit both fisheries and biodiversity, and they provide both a socially and economically acceptable means of managing coral reefs in developing nations. However, because such MPAs are typically small (usually <0.5 km²), they will rarely provide protection to large mobile fishes. An exception to this limitation may exist when community-based MPAs are established to protect small sites where vital processes occur, such as fish spawning aggregations (FSAs). To test the effectiveness of small (0.1–0.2 km²) MPAs for protecting FSAs, we monitored three FSA sites where brown-marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), camouflage grouper (Epinephelus polyphekadion) and squaretail coralgrouper (Plectropomus areolatus) aggregate to spawn. Sites were monitored during peak reproductive periods (several days prior to each new moon) between January 2005 and November 2009. All three sites are located in New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, and had been exploited for decades, but in 2004 two sites were protected by the establishment of community-based MPAs. The third site continued to be exploited. Over the monitoring period densities of E. fuscoguttatus and E. polyphekadion increased at both MPAs, but not at the site that remained open to fishing. At one MPA the densities of E. polyphekadion increased tenfold. Our findings demonstrate that community-based MPAs that are appropriately designed and adequately enforced can lead to the recovery of populations of vulnerable species that aggregate to spawn.     

A decision-analytic approach to the optimal allocation of resources for endangered species consultation

The resources available to support conservation work, whether time or money, are limited. Decision makers need methods to help them identify the optimal allocation of limited resources to meet conservation goals, and decision analysis is uniquely suited to assist with the development of such methods. In recent years, a number of case studies have been described that examine optimal conservation decisions under fiscal constraints; here we develop methods to look at other types of constraints, including limited staff and regulatory deadlines. In the US, Section Seven consultation, an important component of protection under the federal Endangered Species Act, requires that federal agencies overseeing projects consult with federal biologists to avoid jeopardizing species. A benefit of consultation is negotiation of project modifications that lessen impacts on species, so staff time allocated to consultation supports conservation. However, some offices have experienced declining staff, potentially reducing the efficacy of consultation. This is true of the US Fish and Wildlife Service’s Washington Fish and Wildlife Office (WFWO) and its consultation work on federally-threatened bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus). To improve effectiveness, WFWO managers needed a tool to help allocate this work to maximize conservation benefits. We used a decision-analytic approach to score projects based on the value of staff time investment, and then identified an optimal decision rule for how scored projects would be allocated across bins, where projects in different bins received different time investments. We found that, given current staff, the optimal decision rule placed 80% of informal consultations (those where expected effects are beneficial, insignificant, or discountable) in a short bin where they would be completed without negotiating changes. The remaining 20% would be placed in a long bin, warranting an investment of seven days, including time for negotiation. For formal consultations (those where expected effects are significant), 82% of projects would be placed in a long bin, with an average time investment of 15 days. The WFWO is using this decision-support tool to help allocate staff time. Because workload allocation decisions are iterative, we describe a monitoring plan designed to increase the tool’s efficacy over time. This work has general application beyond Section Seven consultation, in that it provides a framework for efficient investment of staff time in conservation when such time is limited and when regulatory deadlines prevent an unconstrained approach.     

Network thinking in riverscape conservation – A graph-based approach

Graph theoretic approaches have received increased interest recently in landscape planning and conservation in the terrestrial realm, because these approaches facilitate the effective modelling of connectivity among habitats. We examined whether basic principles of graph theory can be extended to other ecosystems. Specifically, we demonstrate how a network-based context can be used for enhancing the more effective conservation of riverine systems. We first show how to use graph theoretic techniques to model riverscapes at the segment level. Then we use a real stream network (Zagyva river basin, Hungary) to examine the topological importance of segments in maintaining riverscape connectivity, using betweenness centrality, a commonly used network measure. Using the undirected graph model of this riverscape, we then prioritize segments for conservation purpose. We examine the value of each of the 93 segments present in the Zagyva river basin by considering the conservation value of local fish assemblages, connectivity and the size of the habitat patches. For this purpose we use the ‘integral index of connectivity’, a recently advocated habitat availability index. Based on the results the selection of the most valuable habitat segments can be optimized depending on conservation resources. Because of their inherent advantage in the consideration of connectivity relationships, we suggest that network analyses offer a simple, yet effective tool for searching for key segments (or junctions) in riverscapes for conservation and environmental management. Further, although the joint consideration of aquatic and terrestrial networks is challenging, the extension of network analyses to freshwater systems may facilitate the more effective selection of priority areas for conservation in continental areas.     

皂脚制备生物柴油的试验研究

在食用油生产过程中均会不同程度地产生皂脚(又称油泥)，为解决皂脚排放造成的环境污染及资源浪费问题，该文以皂脚为原料进行制备生物柴油的试验分析。提出了皂脚经循环气相酯化—水蒸气蒸馏制备生物柴油的方法和工艺流程，探讨解决制备过程中酯化反应的连续带水和反应快速进行的问题，得到优化工艺参数。试验装置主要由气相酯化反应器、甲醇气化器、粗生物柴油精馏器和油水分离器等组成。研究结果表明，酯化反应温度为(100±5)℃，皂脚质量0.5%～0.8%的硫酸或3%～4%的对甲苯磺酸为催化剂，甲醇蒸气通入速度6 L/min，反应时间90～120 min，生物柴油精馏器的液相温度为160～220℃，气相温度为120～190℃，水蒸气温度为(100±5)℃，水蒸气通入量为5 L/min，能使皂脚制备生物柴油的转化率达99%以上，产品品质指标基本达到美国的ASTM生物柴油标准，并与中国的0^#柴油接近。     

Toxicity of Insecticides and Skin Care Products of Botanical Origin

Abstract— Toxicoses associated with products which are derived from plants and then used as insecticides and skin care/grooming aids on animals, are reviewed. These include pyrethrins, pyrethroids, rotenone, pennyroyal oil, d -limonene, linalool and melaleuca oil. Poisoning is uncommon and generally results from exposure to concentrations stronger than that recommended by the manufacturer. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids may cause excessive salivation, tremors, ataxia, depression, hyperexcitability/hyperactivity, seizures, dyspnea and rarely death of the animal. Ingestion of rotenone by licking may induce vomiting in dogs and cats. d -Limonene may cause excess salivation, marked hypothermia, shivering and ataxia in cats, and dermal exposure of cats to a spray containing linalool, d -limonene and piperonyl butoxide at 5 and 10 times normal concentration has caused depression and recumbency lasting for several DAys. This was followed by recovery without treatment. Melaleuca oil has been associated with ataxia, incoordination, weakness, tremors and depression. Bathing with a mild detergent, treatment of associated signs, and providing supportive care are usually adequate therapy for these toxicoses. An exception is pennyroyal oil which is hepatotoxic. Résumé— Les toxicités des produits d'origine végétale utilisés comme insecticides et comme topiques dermatologiques chez l'animal sont présentées. Ces produits comprennent les pyréthrines, les pyrethinoïdes, la roténone, l'huile de poulior, la citronnelle, le linalcool, et l'huile de melaleuca. Les intoxications sont rares et résultent généralement de l'exposition à des concentrations supérieures à celles recommandées par le fabricant. Les pyréthrines et les pyrethrinoïdes peuvent entraïner une siallhorée, des tremblements, une ataxie, un abattement, une hyperexcitabilité/hyperréactivité, des convulsions, une dyspnée, et rarement la siallhorée, une hypothermie marquée, des tremblements, et une ataxie chez le chat, et la pulvérisation de chats avec un aérosol contenant du linalool, de la citronnelle et du butoxyde de piperonyl à des concentrations 5 à 10 fois supérieures à la normale à provoqué un abattement et une prostration qui a duré plusieurs jours. Ceci a été suivi par une guérison sans traitement. L'huile de melalcuca a provoqué parfois ataxie, incoordination, faiblesse, tremelements et abattement. Les traitements indiqués lors d'intoxication associent un lavage avec un détergent doux, un traitement symptomatique et une réanimation. L'huile de poulior est une exception car elle est hépatotoxique. [Nicholson, S. S. Toxicity of insecticides and skin care products of botanical origin (Toxicité des insecticides et des produits dermatologiques d'origine végétale). Resumen— Se revisan las toxicosis asociadas a compuestos derivados de plantas y utilizados como insecticidas y productos dermatológicos o de cuidado de la piel en animales. En éstos se incluyen piretrinas, piretroides, rotenona, aceite de Mentha pulegium, D-limoneno, linanol y aceite de maleleuca. Las intoxicaciones son infrecuentes y son a menudo debidas uso de concentraciones mayores a las recomendadas por el productor. Las piretrinas y los piretroides pueden causar hipersialia, temblores, ataxia, depresión, hiperexcitabilidad, hiperactividad, ataques, dispnea y ocasionalmente muerte del animal. La ingestión de rotenona por lamido puede inducir el vómito en perros y gatos. El D-limoneno puede causar exceso de salivación, fuerte hipotermia, temblores y ataxia en gatos; la exposición de la piel del gato a un pulverizador con linalol, D-limoneno y butóxido de piperonilo a concentraciones 5 o 10 veces superior a la normal provocó depresión y postración de varios dias de duración. La recuperación a este cuadro fue completa sin tratamiento. El aceite de malaleuca se ha asociado con ataxia, incoordinación, debilidad, temblores y depresión. El traitamiento de estas toxicosis consiste en bañar al animal con un detergente suave, un tratamiento sintomático y teriapia de soporte. Una excepción a ésto es el aceite de Mentha pulegium, que es hepatotóxico. [Nicholson, S. S. Toxicity of insecticides and skin care products of botanical origin (Toxicidad de los insecticidas y productos dermatológicos de origen botánico).     

Repellency and toxicity of aromatic plant extracts against the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera: Culicidae)

The insecticidal activities of essential oil extracts from leaves, flowers and roots of aromatic plants against fourth-instar larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus Forskal were determined. Extracts of Foeniculum vulgare Mill were the most toxic, followed by those of Ferula hermonis Boiss, Citrus sinensis Osbeck, Pinus pinea L, Laurus nobilis L and Eucalyptus spp with LC50 values of 24.5, 44.0, 60.0, 75.0, 117.0 and 120.0 mg litre(-1), respectively. Combination tests between the LC50 and the maximum sub-lethal concentration (MSLC) were determined. Over 20 major components were identified in extracts from each plant species tested. Five essential oils and nine pure components were studied for their repellency against mosquito bites. Terpineol and 1,8-cineole were the most effective against Culex pipiens molestus bites offering complete protection for 1.6 and 2 h, respectively.