微卫星标记与商品代固始鸡体型参数和屠体性状的关联性分析

利用最小二乘法拟合线性模型,探索了与鸡体型参数和屠体性状紧密相关的10个微卫星座位与商品代固始鸡体型参数和屠体性状的关系。用变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,分析了这10个微卫星位点在100只商品代固始鸡中的遗传变异,计算了微卫星位点的等位基因频率、杂合度、多态信息含量和有效等位基因数。结果表明,其中8对微卫星引物表现出多态,平均每个座位检测到3.625个等位基因(3~4个),平均多态信息含量为0.520 3,平均杂合度为0.626 0。通过最小二乘分析,检测到MCW0295、MCW0006、MCW0185、ADL0192位点与体型参数中的5种性状间存在不同程度的关联性;MCW0006、MCW0185、ADL0105位点与商品代固始鸡6个屠体性状中的4个性状显著连锁。MCW0295位点的AC基因型有望作为质量的早期选择辅助标记,MCW0006和MCW0185位点的CC基因型有望作为质量、胸宽、胸深、胫长、体斜长的早期选择辅助标记,ADL0192位点的AB基因型有望作为质量、胸宽的早期选择辅助标记;MCW0006位点的CC基因型有望作为全净膛率的选择辅助标记,MCW0185位点的AD基因型有望作为胸肌率和腿肌率的选择辅助标记,ADL0105位点的CC基因型有望作为腹脂率的选择辅助标记。     

全乳添加小麦粉对荷斯坦公犊牛的屠宰性能及肉质的影响

对初生体重相近的20头荷斯坦公犊全乳饲喂至35日龄后,随机分为继续饲喂全乳的对照组和全乳中添加2%、4%和6%小麦粉的试验组,至90日龄进行测定,研究了对荷斯坦公犊的屠宰性能和肉质的影响.结果表明:在全乳中添加小麦粉可显著提高荷斯坦公犊的宰前活重、胴体重、净肉重、胴体产肉率和眼肌面积(P＜0.05),提高了肌肉的嫩度和脂肪含量(P＜0.05),且屠宰性能与肉质的改善效果随着小麦粉添加比例的增加而提高.因此,全乳中添加6%以内的小麦粉,既提高了屠宰性能,又能改善肉质.     

不同杂交组合育肥羔羊生长、屠宰性能和肉品质的研究

 通过饲养试验对3个不同杂交组合育肥羔羊生产性能、屠宰性能和肉品质进行了研究,为选育优质肉羊品种提供理论基础。选取杜寒14只,南本18只,寒本12只为研究对象,相同条件下,饲养到9月龄,选取部分试羊进行屠宰,比较其屠宰性能和肉品质。结果表明：杜寒F1羔羊全期平均日增重达252.81g,极显著高于寒本（P＜0.01）,显著高于南本（P＜0.05）,南本显著高于寒本（P＜0.05）;杜寒的屠宰率和净肉率极显著高于寒本（P＜0.01）,显著高于南本（P＜0.05）,南本与寒本差异不显著（P>0.05）;南本的大理石纹极显著高于杜寒与寒本（P＜0.01）。南本的熟肉率显著高于寒本（P﹤0.05）。杜寒杂交组合生产性能和屠宰性能优势明显。     

德州驴生产性能的初步研究

德州驴是优秀的皮肉兼用驴,包括“三粉驴”和“乌头驴”两个品系,但是关于德州驴的研究较少.为了向驴产业提供可靠的德州驴生产性能数据,该研究以40头三粉驴和9头乌头驴为研究对象,系统研究了德州驴的体尺性状、屠宰性能、脏器系数及胸腰椎数等性状特点.结果 表明,三粉驴的屠宰率为54.02％,净肉率为42.43％,净皮率为8.1...     

不同蛋白质水平精料对广丰山羊生长性能、屠宰性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同蛋白质水平精料对广丰山羊生长性能、屠宰性能和血清生化指标的影响.选择健康且体重相近的3月龄左右广丰山羊30只,随机分为3组,每组10只(公母各占1/2).3组山羊分别饲喂高(22.87％,H组)、中(19.07％,M组)和低(15.23％,L组)蛋白质水平的精料,粗料均为野生芒草鲜草,精粗比50:50...     

不同饲养标准对杜寒杂交肉用绵羊生产和屠宰性能的影响

本试验通过比较不同饲养标准杜寒杂交肉用绵羊增重、器官发育、屠宰性能及肉品质的差异,确定适宜的饲养标准。采用单因素试验设计,选取体重为(28.30±0.86)kg的杜寒杂交F1代肉羊600只,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复50只。4组分别饲喂按照以下饲养标准配制的饲粮:本实验室(中国农业科学院饲料研究所农业部饲料生物技术重点实验室)提出的杜寒杂交肉用绵羊饲养标准、美国NRC(2007)、英国AFRC(1993)以及我国农业行业标准的《肉羊饲养标准》(NY/T 816—2004),分别记为CARS、NRC、AFRC和HB。试验期81 d,每3 d记录1次采食量,每20 d进行1次称重,当CARS组羊只的平均体重达到44 kg时,每组选取10只羊进行屠宰,测定其屠宰性能、组织器官重量和肉品质等指标。结果表明:不同组羊只的实际干物质采食量,NRC组AFRC组CARS组HB组,其中NRC组与CARS和HB组间差异显著(P0.05),其他组间差异均不显著(P0.05);平均日增重和胴体重,CARS、HB、AFRC组间差异均不显著(P0.05),且均显著高于NRC组(P0.05);饲料转化率各组间存在显著差异(P0.05),CARS组HB组AFRC组NRC组;屠宰率,CARS组显著高于NRC组(P0.05),与HB、AFRC组间差异均不显著(P0.05);CARS组羊只的心脏、肝脏、肾脏重量占宰前活重比例显著高于其他组(P0.05);背最长肌失水率、肌肉色亮度、红度和黄度值,各组间均无显著性差异(P0.05)。结果提示,杜寒杂交肉羊在不同饲养标准下的实际日增重200~220g,从增重和屠宰性能上来看,CARS制订的饲养标准与国外饲养标准相比具有明显优势。     

饮水添加沼液对肉鸡生产性能的影响

沼气池的建设是农村新能源综合开发利用推广项目之一,极大地提高了农民生活质量。沼液、沼渣的再开发利用是进一步推进该项目所面临的问题。饮水中添加50%的沼液饲喂4周龄AA肉仔鸡进行35d生长试验,效果明显。平均每只鸡增重0.0666±0.0166Kg,比对照组提高7.5%,总耗料量降低2.7%,料重比降低0.34,均差异显著(P<0.05)说明饲料转化率明显提高。成活率试验组比对照组提高2个百分点。屠宰率提高0.85个百分点,差异不显著(P>0.05),但胸肌率比对照组提高4个百分点,差异显著(P<0.05)。     

Transmission of classical swine fever virus within herds during the 1997-1998 epidemic in The Netherlands

In this paper, we describe the transmission of Classical Swine Fever virus (CSF virus) within herds during the 1997–1998 epidemic in the Netherlands. In seven herds where the infection started among individually housed breeding stock, all breeding pigs had been tested for antibodies to CSF virus shortly before depopulation. Based upon these data, the transmission of CSF virus between pigs was described as exponential growth in time with a parameter r, that was estimated at 0.108 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.060–0.156). The accompanying per-generation transmission (expressed as the basic reproduction ratio, R₀) was estimated at 2.9. Based upon this characterisation, a calculation method was derived with which serological findings at depopulation can be used to calculate the period in which the virus was with a certain probability introduced into that breeding stock. This model was used to estimate the period when the virus had been introduced into 34 herds where the infection started in the breeding section. Of these herds, only a single contact with a herd previously infected had been traced. However, in contrast with the seven previously mentioned herds, only a sample of the breeding pigs had been tested before depopulation (as was the common procedure during the epidemic). The observed number of days between the single contact with an infected herd and the day of sampling of these 34 herds fitted well in the model. Thus, we concluded that the model and transmission parameter was in agreement with the transmission between breeding pigs in these herds.

Because of the limited sample size and because it was usually unknown in which specific pen the infection started, we were unable to estimate transmission parameters for weaned piglets and finishing pigs from the data collected during the epidemic. However, from the results of controlled experiments in which R₀ was estimated as 81 between weaned piglets and 14 between heavy finishing pigs (Laevens et al., 1998a. Vet. Quart. 20, 41–45; Laevens et al., 1999. Ph.D. Thesis), we constructed a simple model to describe the transmission of CSF virus in compartments (rooms) housing finishing pigs and weaned piglets. From the number of pens per compartment, the number of pigs per pen, the numbers of pigs tested for antibodies to CSF virus and the distribution of the seropositive pigs in the compartment, this model gives again a period in which the virus most probably entered the herd. Using the findings in 41 herds where the infection started in the section of the finishers or weaned piglets of the age of 8 weeks or older, and of which only a single contact with a herd previously infected was known, there was no reason to reject the model. Thus, we concluded that the transmission between weaned piglets and finishing pigs during the epidemic was not significantly different from the transmission observed in the experiments.     

Changes in hormones, growth factor and lipid metabolism in finishing pigs fed betaine

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary betaine supplementation on carcass characteristics, hormones, growth factor and lipid metabolism in finishing pigs. Forty-eight crossbred barrows and gilts (Seghers × Seghers × Duroc) weighing about 55 kg were divided into two groups, each with three replicates of eight pigs (four barrows and four gilts) per replicate, and fed corn–soybean meal basal diets supplemented with 0 and 0.125% betaine for 42 days. At trial termination, two pigs (one barrow and one gilt) weighing about 90 kg were selected from each replicate and slaughtered for analyses. The results showed that betaine increased carcass lean percentage and longissimus muscle area by 5.19% (P < 0.01) and 17.85% (P < 0.01), respectively, and decreased carcass fat percentage and average backfat thickness by 13.07% (P < 0.01) and 10.30% (P < 0.05), respectively. Serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine and insulin levels in pigs fed betaine were elevated by 45.61% (P < 0.01), 55.50% (P < 0.01), 57.95% (P < 0.01), 51.80% (P < 0.01) and 42.34% (P < 0.05), respectively. Fatty acid synthase activity in the 10th rib subcutaneous adipose tissue was decreased by 24.35% (P < 0.05) with betaine supplementation, whereas hormone-sensitive lipase activity was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, serum free fatty acids concentration in betaine-fed pigs was 25.75% higher compared to controls (P < 0.01). The study suggested that betaine could induce changes in hormones and growth factor in finishing pigs, and therefore could inhibit fat synthesis through reducing lipogenic enzymes activities and promote fat degradation by increasing hormone-sensitive lipase activity, with a resultant decrease in adipose tissue mass and improvement in carcass characteristics.     

莱芜猪胴体品质肉质特性及其随体重变化规律的研究

研究测定了25头莱芜猪的胴体品质和肉质特性,分析了莱芜猪胴体、肌肉品质随体重(35、40、50、60、70、80、90kg)的变化规律,为确定不同生长阶段的适宜营养水平和上市屠宰体重提供依据。结果表明,莱芜猪自35~90kg瘦肉率在42.43%~55.29%之间,肌肉pH值稳定在6.19~6.52之间,肉色指标优良,大理石纹评分在2.50~4.38之间,肌内脂肪含量在4.51%~19.92%之间;当70kg体重屠宰时,肌肉失水率较低为13.47%,肉色、大理石纹评分较高分别为3.5、3.38,肌内脂肪含量较高为11.54%。胴体和肉质性状间相关程度有强有弱,相关系数有正有负。相同性状间有较强的正相关,相反性状间有较强的负相关。综合分析试验结果认为,莱芜猪以体重70kg作为上市屠宰体重比较合理。