试论灌木是干旱、半干旱区草地恢复中重要的生物资源

西北干旱、半干旱荒漠区是我国典型的荒漠生态系统.灌木是荒漠植被的主要组分,它在维持荒漠生态系统生物多样性、生态服务功能及其稳定性方面具有重要作用.20世纪下半叶,人口和经济快速增长导致的高强度人类活动,深刻地改变了荒漠生态系统的结构及水分和能量循环过程,致使灌木植物严重退化.为了保育灌木资源,提高人们对灌木在草地恢复中重要作用的认识,从改良土壤、物种多样性、防风固沙等方面论述了灌木在草地恢复过程中的特殊作用.建议在草业方面开展深入研究,以便使灌木在草地恢复中发挥更大的效能.     

沙生灌木平茬机切割器刃口曲线的设计

通过分析沙生灌木平茬机切割器的切割方式和运动规律,提出了用等滑切角曲线方程设计刃口曲线形状的方法,以30°和53°的滑切角为参数设计制造了割刀。室内外切割对比试验表明,等滑切角曲线刃口割刀的切割效果要优于直线刃口割刀的切割效果。     

整秸秆氨化饲料的技术效果与区域适应性研究

充分利用中国丰富的秸秆资源发展节粮型草食畜牧业是中国畜牧业发展的重要方向。针对目前秸秆氨化技术存在的问题,开展了10多年的整秸秆氨化饲料技术创新研究,研究结果表明,整秸秆氨化饲料比传统地窖氨化饲料,蛋白质含量提高了1.33~1.46倍;饲料呈黄褐色,伴有爆米花香带酸甜味的酥脆感;牛羊采食量提高15%,消化率提高45%;每头牛每年节约饲料费500元、纯收入1200元左右。这一技术在山西省和海南省的不同地区进行了试验示范,不同作物的蛋白质含量基本稳定在10.5~11.06 g/kg。其广泛适应于中国不同类型区,对充分利用秸秆资源、促进中国规模化草食畜牧业发展具有重要作用。     

中规模推广级橡胶树优良品种热研7—33—97的选育

热研7—33—97是一个速生高产抗性较强的橡胶树优良品种。两院试验场高级试验区头9个割年的鉴定结果,其平均干胶产量为4.35千克/株·年、1910千克/公顷·年,分别为对照RRIM600的131.8％和169.5％,干胶含量高,产胶潜力大,干胶性能好,抗风、抗寒能力都优于RRIM600,1993年被评为中规模推广级品种。     

河北北沟林场落叶松林分物种多样性

为了更好地对目标林分进行经营抚育,对河北北沟林场落叶松林分的物种多样性进行分析。结果表明:在各林分的乔木层物种多样性中,样地D的Menhinnick指数和Margalef指数最高,样地A则为最低;样地C的4个多样性的指数是4个林分中最大,最小的为样地A,其它居于中间;样地D的Alatalo指数和Pielou指数最高,最低的为样地A。在各林分的灌木层物种多样性中,样地D的Menhinnick指数和Margalef指数最高,样地A则为最低;在4个多样性的指数中样地B除了Billouin多样性指数外都是4个林分中最大的,而样地D的Billouin最大,多样性的4个指数最小的都为样地A;样地C的Alatalo指数最高,样地B的Pielou指数最高,两个指数最小的为样地A。在各林分的草本层物种多样性中,样地D的Menhinnick指数和Margalef指数最高,样地A的Menhinnick指数最低,样地B的Margalef指数最低;在4个多样性的指数中样地D除了Billouin多样性指数外都是4个林分中最大的,而样地A的Billouin最大,多样性的4个指数最小的都为样地B;样地C的Alatalo指数和Pielou指数最高,样地B指数最小。     

鲜苹果渣蛋白饲料发酵工艺研究

为了优化鲜苹果渣直接发酵的工艺条件,以不接菌鲜苹果渣为对照,以酵母菌和黑曲霉为混合发酵剂,分别对混合原料和纯果渣进行了氮素、pH和灭菌3因素试验。结果表明,①加入氮素能大幅度提高发酵产物中纯蛋白质含量,氮源种类对发酵产物中纯蛋白质含量也有一定影响;当pH为6时,加NH4NO3处理可使混合原料和纯果渣发酵产物中纯蛋白质含量较不接菌对照分别提高96.9%和105.5%。②不同pH下发酵产物中纯蛋白质含量不同,较适宜的发酵pH为6。③加热灭菌有利于提高发酵产物中纯蛋白质含量,混合原料的平均增幅为23.6%,纯果渣增幅为49.8%。说明在利用鲜苹果渣生产蛋白饲料时,应选择灭菌加氮发酵,较适宜的氮源为NH4NO3,较适宜的pH为6。     

Tannins in forage plants and their role in animal husbandry and environmental sustainability: a review

The literature about tannins, polyphenolic secondary metabolites of plants, with both beneficial and adverse function according to their concentration and chemical structure, is vast and often conflicting. Tannins in forages have often been described as antinutritional factors, but this review aims to update information on beneficial effects on animals and the environment. Although research on the relation between tannins and animal production and health, for example, dry‐matter intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and diseases, has mainly focused on condensed tannins, this review also discusses potential benefits from the use of hydrolysable tannins as a feed additive. Attention is given to the use of tannins in the mitigation of methane emissions from ruminants in forage‐based feeding systems and as a natural and ecologically friendly resource for improvement of nutrient utilization and environmental sustainability in meat and dairy farming.     

海南省天然草地禾本科植物资源与利用研究

对海南省天然草地禾本科植物资源与利用进行了调查研究.调查和分类统计表明:海南省天然草地禾本科植物共有103属271种,其中海南省所特有的植物有24种,可用作草坪建植的植物有7属8种;依据质量特征将调查到的禾本科植物划分为3个级别,其中优良牧草有48属137种,中等牧草有64属130种,低等牧草有4属4种.同时提出应当合理开发利用该资源,加强野生草种的驯化工作的建议.     

Life cycles of individual roots in fine root system of Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.

Recent studies have remarked on differences in the life cycles of individual fine roots. However, the dynamics of individual roots with different life cycles, such as ephemeral and perennial, during root system development are still unknown. We examined individual roots during fine root system development in a mature stand of Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc. (Cupressaceae) using the sequential ingrowth core method and an anatomical method. The visual classification, i.e., orange, red, brown, intact dead, and fragmented dead, of fine roots corresponded well with the anatomical classification. Orange and red roots contained passage cells, and brown roots contained cork cambium. The proportions of protoxylem groups differed among visual classes. Brown secondary roots were mainly triarch (43%) and tetrarch (40%) and rarely diarch (12%), whereas fragmented dead roots, which constituted more than 95% of the dead roots, were mainly diarch (67%). These results imply that triarch and tetrarch roots tend to form secondary roots, whereas diarch roots tend to become dead roots without secondary growth. Using the numbers of root tips and clusters, root system development could be classified into three stages: colonization, branching within the root system, and maintenance. During the colonization stage, mainly triarch and tetrarch roots, which tend to be secondary growth, invaded ingrowth cores. During the branching stage, primarily diarch roots, which tend to be ephemeral, emerged. Fine root system development involved the recruitment of different individual roots during the life cycle depending on the growth stage.     

花椒杂草系统地下生物量的空间分配格局

农林复合系统中,地下生物量的分配格局是目的物种和间作作物竞争的结果,因而可以看作是模式物种选择及系统设计的依据。在花椒杂草系统模式更新改造中,为了达到间作作物选择和行间配置的合理性,采用壕沟法研究了系统地下生物量的空间分配现状。结果表明：（1）花椒杂草系统地下生物量总量248．57g·m^-2,杂草生物量占82％,花椒仅占18％;（2）该系统地下生物量总量和杂草生物量在水平空间上呈均匀分配,而在垂直空间上随土层加深呈负指数分配,其表达式分别是Y=1024．6exp^-0.5254x（R^2=0．9688,x为土层深度,cm）和Y=1187．2exp^-0.6889（R^2=0．9989,x为土层深度,cm）;花椒根量均匀分配于垂直空间,而在水平空间上呈负指数式分配,其表达式为Y=118．3exp^-0.3817x（R^2=0．8215,x为距树干距离）;（3）花椒吸水根生物量均匀分配于地下空间,杂草吸水根生物量的分配呈现出明显的分层现象,其吸水根总量的81．11％分配于0～15cm土层,而15cm以下土层仅占18．89％;（4）所研究的256个500cm^3的取样单元中,花椒和杂草吸水根的重合率50．4％,非重合率49．6％;然而在127个吸水根非重合单元中,花椒吸水根仅占29．1％,杂草吸水根却占了70．9％。文中根据花椒和杂草地下空间生物量的分配现状,讨论了四川盆地丘陵区退耕还林地花椒模式更新中间作物选择、行间配置和水肥管理应注意的问题．