干柱层析法制备油茶总皂苷对照品初探

目的 研究干柱层析法制备油茶皂苷对照品的方法。方法 原料用60 %乙醇超声提取,浓缩至无醇味,石油醚脱酯后用正丁醇按3:1体积比加入萃取。取正丁醇层并真空浓缩至干,干法上样于100目~200目硅胶柱色谱分离,用乙酸乙酯-甲醇-正丁醇-水(2:1:4:7)的上相展层;根据Rf值取出相应的条带并用甲醇淋洗收集蒸干,薄层及理化性质检测。结果 该方法所制样品由薄层色谱为一点,纯度较高。结论 该方法简便、实用且制备量大,可作为油茶总皂苷对照品。     

重金属复合污染下土壤微生物群落功能多样性动力学特征

用碳素利用法对浙江省天台铅锌银尾矿区重金属复合污染土壤微生物群落功能多样性动力学特征进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明 ,矿区重金属复合污染降低了供试土壤的微生物群落代谢剖面 ,且群落代谢剖面值与培养时间之间呈非线性关系 ,其变化过程符合微生物种群生长动态模型 (S形 )。随着重金属复合污染程度的加剧 ,土壤微生物群落功能多样性动力学参数K和r值越低 ,参数s值所需的时间则越长。上述动力学参数与群落代谢剖面各自的主成分分析结果显示 ,微生物群落功能多样性的动力学参数K值和s值能够很好地区分矿区土壤重金属污染程度 ,并且其区分效果比微生物群落代谢剖面值好。土壤微生物群落功能多样性动力学特征的变化可以较好地显示矿区重金属复合污染土壤微生物群落对碳源利用模式的差异 ,反映矿区特定生境土壤微生物群落功能多样性的变化 ,在一定程度上揭示重金属胁迫下环境微生物种群作用机理。     

Fractal features of soil particle size distribution and the implication for indicating desertification

Some of the effects of land desertification on soil properties are manifested by the coarsening of the soil particlesize distribution (PSD) and the losses in organic C and nutrients. The changes and characteristics of PSD and selected chemical properties in soils at the 0-15 cm plough layer from different degrees of desertified croplands are analyzed in the semiarid Horqin Sandy Land, northern China. The fractal dimension of the PSD is emanated to characterize the patterns of PSD. The relationships between the fractal dimension of the PSD and selected soil properties are discussed. The results show that: (1) in the transformation from potential desertified cropland to extremely desertified cropland, the sand content at the 0-15 cm soil increased from 69% to 93%, organic C and total N contents decreased by 65% and 69%, respectively; (2) the fractal dimension of PSD ranged from 2.179 to 2.611, the more the contents of sand, the lower the fractal dimension and the higher the desertified degree of farmland. In the desertification process within the studied area, the mean fractal dimension decreased from 2.555 for the potential desertified soils to 2.298 for extremely desertified soils; (3) there existed considerable linear relationships between fractal dimension and soil properties. It was shown that fractal dimensions of PSD are useful parameters able to monitor soil degradation and to estimate the degree of soil desertification.     

土壤沉积物样品中有机碳含量的快速测定

采用微波密闭消解样品的方法来测定土壤／沉积物中有机碳的含量。与重铬酸钾氧化法的结果相比，微波消化法具有操作简单、污染小、快速准确的优点。经F检验法及t检验法检验，两种方法的分析结果无明显差异。     

Tillage and crop sequence effects on organic carbon and total nitrogen content in an irrigated Alberta soil

A better understanding of tillage effects on soil organic matter is vital for development of effective soil conservation practices. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of tillage and crop sequence on soil organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) content in an irrigated southern Alberta soil. A field experiment was conducted using a split–split plot design from 1994 to 1998 in Alberta, Canada. There were two crop sequences (Sequence 1: spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)–spring wheat–annual legume; and Sequence 2: spring wheat–spring wheat–annual legume–sugar beet) and two tillage practices (CT: conventional tillage and MT: minimum tillage). Surface soil under MT had significantly higher OC (30.1 Mg ha⁻¹) content than under CT (28.3 Mg ha⁻¹) after 4 years of treatment. The MT treatment retains crop residue at the soil surface, reduces soil erosion and slows organic matter decomposition, which are key factors in enhancing the soil fertility status of southern Alberta irrigated soils.     

青钱柳叶总黄酮超声辅助提取工艺优

为研究以乙醇为溶剂超声波辅助提取青钱柳叶总黄酮的工艺,在单因素试验的基础上,采用四因素二次回归正交旋转组合设计,以液料比、超声处理时间、超声功率、溶剂体积分数为考察因素,优选了超声波辅助提取青钱柳叶总黄酮的最佳工艺.结果表明各因素对提取率的影响大小依次为:超声处理时间、溶剂体积分数、液料比、超声功率.最佳工艺条件为液料比55mL/g,超声处理时间34min,超声功率720W,溶剂体积分数60%,在此最佳条件下,总黄酮的得率为86.63%,优化工艺稳定,提取率也较高,试验验证结果与模型预测值相符.     

低磷胁迫对玉米叶片色素和形态的影响

通过大田试验,以4个基因型玉米为材料,研究了低磷胁迫下玉米叶片色素和形态变化及其内部生理机制.结果表明,低磷条件下,玉米叶片叶绿素/类胡萝卜素、叶绿素/紫色素和叶绿素/红色素均减少,其中基因型"7922"和"掖107"的叶绿素/类胡萝卜素、叶绿素/紫色素和叶绿素,红色素减少幅度较大,为高磷条件下的0.4～0.8倍,且减少幅度高于"178"和"*082".低磷条件下,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性和总黄酮含量均增加,其中基因型"7922"和"掖107"为高磷条件下的1.5～2.0倍,增加幅度高于基因型"178"和"*082"."7922"和"掖107"的叶宽和鲜重在两个供磷水平下差异显著,"掖107"的叶片主叶脉直径和总叶片数差异显著.低磷土壤条件下玉米叶宽和主叶脉直径变小,鲜重和总叶片数减少.不同基因型玉米叶片色素和形态变化差异显著.初步推测,"7922"和"掖107"不耐低磷, "178"和"*082"较耐低磷.     

不同氮素水平下冬小麦叶片酚酸类物质代谢对FACE的响应

利用开放式空气CO2浓度升高(Free Air Carbon-dioxide Enrichment, FACE)平台, 研究了低氮(LN)和常氮(NN)水平下, 大气CO2浓度升高对冬小麦叶片酚酸类物质代谢的影响.结果表明, CO2浓度升高对小麦叶片水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸和香草酸含量的影响随供氮水平的不同而有所差异.低氮下小麦通过提高叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性(30.1%)而使其含量均显著增加, 增幅分别达33.7%、119.6%、26.7%、39.9%和28.6%; 而常氮下PAL活性和酚酸类含量变化均未达显著水平.可见, 大气CO2浓度升高对冬小麦酚酸类物质代谢的影响受氮水平的调控, 在未来CO2浓度升高条件下, 选择适宜的施肥水平将显得更为重要.此外, 总酚含量与水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸和香草酸等含量变化趋势基本一致, 且总酚含量变化的79.6%～151.4%是由这几种酚酸含量变化引起的, 说明CO2浓度升高使水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸和香草酸等含量增加是总酚含量增加的直接原因.低氮条件下大气CO2浓度升高将通过改变酚酸类物质代谢而间接影响小麦与伴生杂草的关系.     

青藏高原高寒草甸土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量对不同土地利用格局的响应

草地土地利用格局的变化强烈影响着其土壤营养元素的含量与垂直分布。对青藏高原东北隅高寒草甸不同土地利用格局（封育植被、放牧利用和人工种植）下不同深度（0—10cm、10—20cm和20—40cm）的土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量的对比研究表明：封育植被下土壤营养元素在表层和深层之间有显著差异（P〈0．05）,与土壤深度表现出一定的负线性相关（R2〉0．40,P〈0．05）。放牧利用和人工种植对营养元素在不同土壤层次的分布无显著影响（P均值〉0．05）,前者的有机质和全氮含量与土壤深度略呈负线性,后者则无此关系。放牧利用和人工种植较显著地（P均值〈0．05）降低了土壤表层有机质和全氮的含量,但增加了土壤表层全磷的含量,对土壤深层的影响较小。人工种植对营养元素含量的影响效果略大于放牧利用,但两者差异不显著。     

滇中本地和外来植物群落对紫色土理化性质的影响

在同一"气候-母质"条件下,本文研究了滇中飒马场流域4种处于不同演替阶段的本地植被群落和1种外来植被群落对酸性紫色土理化性质的影响。结果表明:随着灌草丛、云南松、针阔混交林到次生常绿阔叶林的本地植物群落演替过程,土壤的容重、pH、水溶性盐阳离子含量明显降低,而土壤粘粒、水解性酸、活性铝、有机碳、全氮含量显著增加,同时表层土壤有机碳和全氮占其剖面总含量的比例有降低的趋势。次生常绿阔叶林土壤0~150 cm土层的有机碳、全氮贮存量比灌草丛土壤的分别高出35 Mg hm-2和1.2 Mg hm-2,而其pH则比灌草丛土壤的低0.33。这反映出酸性紫色土的富铝化过程、生物富集过程和粘化过程随着植被演进而加强。桉树林土壤有机碳、全氮贮量和pH分别为93.04 mg hm-2、2.45 mg hm-2和4.49,与针阔混交林土壤的有机碳、全氮贮量和pH没有显著差异,但是其水解性酸度和活性铝含量均显著高于针阔混交林土壤的,表明长期种植桉树有加速土壤酸化的可能。