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91.
G. Christopher Tilghman RuthEllen Klinger-Bowen Ruth Francis-Floyd 《Aquarium Sciences and Conservation》2001,3(1-3):215-223
Three species of surgeonfish Acanthurus coeruleus (blue tang) (Block and Schneider), A. bahianus (ocean surgeonfish) (Castelnau), and A. chirurgus (doctorfish) (Block) were captured in the waters of the Florida Keys (24°03N, 81°40W). In total, 39 of these fish were captured between March and December of 1999. Items found in the stomachs of these fish were identified and analyzed for percent occurrence. These values were compared to percent occurrence values of the same items from random bottom transects taken at the point of capture to quantify any forage selectivity or avoidance behavior of these fish. A. bahianus selected for sand and chlorophytes and avoided phaeophytes. A. chirurgus also showed selection for sand and chlorophytes, while 58% of those sampled selected for phaeophytes and 42% avoided them. A. coeruleus avoided sand and selected for rhodophytes and chlorophytes. Phaeophytes were also selected for in 80% of A. coeruleus sampled. Understanding food preferences of free-ranging Florida surgeonfish may provide insight to improve nutritional management of captive herbivorous reef fish. 相似文献
92.
The effect of oral administration of insulin, in various concentrations, on the growth of European eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) was studied. In order to determine whether the insulin penetrated through the stomach or gills to the blood system, 5 ml insulin, suspended in an 0.6% solution of NaCl, was inserted via the mouth of eels, and the insulin content in the blood measured by radioimmunoassay immediately, and at one and two hours after administration. A control group was given 0.6% NaCl alone. Significantly increased levels of insulin in the blood plasma were found in eels which received high insulin concentrations compared to the control group. Eels administered 20 ppm and 40 ppm insulin in the diet grew significantly faster than a control group fed a diet without insulin, and a group fed 5 ppm insulin. 相似文献
93.
Four diets differing in crude protein/crude lipid concentrations (CP/CL), 570/200, 510/220, 460/240, 430/260 (g kg?1 dry diet) were fed to near‐satiety to rainbow trout (initial body weight, IBW = 268 g, domestic strain) and Atlantic salmon (IBW = 456 g, wild strain) for 308 days to determine the effect of diets, species and fish size on efficiency of feed, nitrogen (N) and energy utilization. Within species, weight gain, feed efficiency (FE), and energy retention efficiency (ERE, E gain/E intake) were not affected by diet (P < 0.05). N retention efficiency (NRE, N gain/N intake) increased linearly (P < 0.05) with decreasing CP/CL for both species. NRE and FE were higher for salmon compared with trout. Whole body CP of salmon was significantly (P < 0.05) higher, and lipid significantly (P < 0.05) lower, than those of trout. There was a significant (P < 0.05) linear decrease in FE as fish grew, regardless of diet and species. NRE linearly decreased (P < 0.0001) and lipid to protein deposition ratio (LD/PD) increased (P < 0.05) as trout grew. NRE linearly increased (P < 0.05) while ERE and LD/PD linearly decreased (P < 0.05) as salmon grew. Salmon appeared to rely to a greater extent on non‐protein energy‐yielding nutrients to support cost of growth than did trout. 相似文献
94.
Garcia-Abiado MA Mbahinzireki G Rinchard J Lee KJ Dabrowski K 《Journal of fish diseases》2004,27(6):359-368
The high cost of fish meal in tilapia diets warrants the potential use of cottonseed meal (CSM) as an alternative source of high quality protein. The effects of varying levels of CSM (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) as fish meal protein replacement on growth, blood parameters, spleen characteristics, free and bound gossypol in blood plasma, haemoglobin and haematocrit were determined in tilapia. Gossypol (C(30)H(30)O(8)) is a polyphenolic substance found in cottonseed that has known toxic effects in fish. Tilapias (n = 219, average weight = 11.3 +/- 3.9 g) were randomly distributed into 15, 32-L glass aquaria, representing five dietary treatments and three replicates per treatment. Each aquarium containing 13-16 fish was supplied with thermoregulated, recirculating water (27 +/- 1 degrees C) at 1 L min(-1) flow rate and photoperiod was constant (12 h L/12 h D). Fish fed 25-50% CSM protein replacement showed similar body weights and total lengths as the controls at the completion of the 16-week trial. Fish fed 75 and 100% CSM protein replacement showed a significant decline in body weight and total length. Fish fed 25-100% CSM protein replacement had significantly lower haematocrit and haemoglobin (ANOVA/LSD, P < 0.05) compared with levels in controls. The decline was most prominent in groups fed diets with 50-100% CSM protein replacement. Total and free gossypol concentrations of blood plasma significantly increased with increasing levels of CSM replacement (P < 0.05). No gossypol was found in blood plasma of fish from the control group. The occurrence of immature and abnormal erythrocytes was significantly greater among fish fed 75 and 100% CSM diets compared with fish fed 0-50% CSM diets. Spleen-somatic index (spleen weight/body weight x 100) did not differ between control fish and fish fed 50-100% CSM diets. Spleen abnormalities, such as large depositions of haemosiderin and melanin pigments and proliferation of melano-macrophage centres, lymphocytic depletion of the white pulp areas (hypocellularity), and presence of vacuoles and necrotic areas were observed among fish fed 50-100% CSM protein diets. In general, the pathological effects of gossypol in tilapia (low haemoglobin and haematocrit levels, abundance of immature red blood cells or polychromatocytes, abnormal spleen morphology) were similar to the effects of vitamin E and/or vitamin C deficiencies observed in other studies. 相似文献
95.
ABSTRACT: The diet shift of larval and juvenile Ryukyu-ayu Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis was investigated for the landlocked population stocked in the Fukuji Reservoir, Okinawa Island. Gut contents of 274 specimens (5.1–31.4 mm in body length) including 31 yolk-sac larvae (5.7–8.0 mm) were examined. The diet of larval and juvenile landlocked P. a. ryukyuensis was mainly composed of zooplankton such as dinoflagellates, rotifers, copepods, and cladocerans. Feeding incidence was 48% in total and it gradually increased with growth. Diet analysis clearly demonstrated a diet shift during the larval and juvenile periods. For yolk-sac larvae and 5.0–19.9 mm fish, the diet was dominated by dinoflagellates Gymnodinium sp., and Peridinium sp., both numerically and by frequency, followed by rotifers that mainly consisted of Polyarthra spp. Diet breadth (Levin's standardized index BA ) diversified with growth, and feeding on copepods and cladocerans gradually increased in 10.0–14.9 mm fish. Diet overlap (Morisita's index: C) showed that diet drastically changed in 20.0–24.9 mm fish with a specialization on cladocerans Bosminopsis deitersi and Diaphanosoma brachyurum . This diet shift probably corresponded with an increase of feeding ability resulting from an enlargement of the mouth, increased swimming ability, and the development of sense organs. 相似文献
96.
The relative importance of breed versus rearing experience on the grazing behaviour and diet selection of beef cattle when grazing unimproved grassland was examined over 4 years. Suckler‐reared calves of a traditional (T) breed (North Devon) or a commercial (C) breed (Simmental × Hereford Friesian) were cross‐fostered and then reared either extensively (E) on unimproved grassland or intensively (I) on agriculturally improved fertilized grassland. As yearlings, the four groups of calves (Traditional breed + Extensive rearing (TE); Traditional breed + Intensive rearing (TI); Commercial breed + Extensive rearing (CE) and Commercial breed + Intensive rearing (CI)) grazed unimproved grassland dominated by Molinia caerulea, for 2 months, and foraging behaviour was studied in a test phase. There was a breed effect on total (bites + chews; TJM) jaw movement rate (T, 78·2 vs. C, 76·5 min?1; F prob. = 0·041) during grazing and on the proportion of bites taken from plant communities with sward height ≥6 cm (T, 0·83 vs. C, 0·76; F prob. = 0·018). Rearing experience affected TJM rate in the first year in July (E, 80·0 vs. I, 76·8 min?1; F prob. = 0·015) and August (E, 78·5 vs. I, 75·5 min?1; F prob. = 0·046). The intensively reared animals grew less well on average during the test phase than those that had previous experience of the unimproved grassland as calves with their mothers (E, 0·16 vs. I, 0·09 kg day?1; F prob. = 0·033). Our findings indicate that the rearing experience of livestock appears to be as important as the breed when designing grazing managements for nature conservation areas. 相似文献
97.
Shin-Kwon?Kim Toshio?TakeuchiEmail author Atsushi?Akimoto Hirofumi?Furuita Takeshi?Yamamoto Masahito?Yokoyama Yuko?Murata 《Fisheries Science》2005,71(3):627-632
ABSTRACT: The effect of dietary taurine on juvenile Japanese flounder was determined by feeding three taurine-supplemented experimental diets (TAU) and a commercial diet (CD) to evaluate a practical diet for juvenile Japanese flounder. Juvenile Japanese flounder were reared on the three experimental diets supplemented with taurine at 0, 0.5, 1.0% and CD. These diets were fed to juvenile Japanese flounder of an initial mean body weight of 0.2 g for 6 weeks at 20°C and the taurine contents of the whole body and tissues were analyzed. The final average body weight of juvenile Japanese flounder fed the 1.0% TAU was significantly higher than that of the other groups. Taurine contents in the whole body and tissues increased with the increase in dietary taurine level. These results indicate that juvenile Japanese flounder require at least 15 mg/g taurine in the diet, even though a combined mix of fish, krill and squid meal was the main protein source in the experimental diets. 相似文献
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