An Adjustable Nutrient Margin of Safety Comparison Using Linear and Stochastic Programming in an Excel Spreadsheet

A stochastic-linear program Excel workbook was developed that consisted of 2 worksheets illustrating linear and stochastic program approaches. Both approaches used the Excel Solver add-in. A published linear program problem served as an example for the ingredients, nutrients, and costs and as a benchmark in the development of the linear and stochastic programs. Standard deviations for ME and nutrients were taken or calculated from CV, and from a commercial publication of sources for amino acids. The Excel spreadsheet was set up so that the calculated margin of safety (MOS) value, according to the requested probability, was the same for both the linear and stochastic programs. As an example, the probability for meeting the nutrient value for protein was compared at 50% (MOS = 0) and 69% (MOS = 0.5) by using both linear and stochastic programming. Spreadsheet results illustrated the flexibility, accuracy, and precision of the stochastic program over the linear program in meeting the requested nutrient probability.     

用人工饲料育进行家蚕一代杂交种的杂交率检验初报

用人工饲料育对21个家蚕品种进行了调查,收蚁24h疏毛率最高的是菁松×皓月,达到9988%,最低的是春·蕾×锡·,为7807%,大部分品种收蚁48h疏毛率达到98%以上。分析供试家蚕品种的蚁蚕疏毛率、杂交率的检验结果和饲料成本认为,菁松×皓月、春·蕾×镇·珠、苏·镇×春·光、鲁7×9202、781×782·734、871×872等适合用人工饲料育进行一代杂交种的杂交率检验。     

膨化工艺对乳仔猪日粮养分及生长性能的影响

采用相同配方的膨化颗粒料和普通颗粒料进行哺乳仔猪和断乳仔猪日粮常规营养成分、氨基酸含量、细菌数量、脲酶活性、物理性状分析和乳仔猪生长饲养试验。结果表明 :两种制粒工艺的常规营养成分间差异不显著 :氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸含量膨化料的比普通颗粒料高6.67 %～7.59 % ,差异不显著(P>0.05) ;两种饲料的卫生学和感官指标符合GB13278 -91 ,但膨化料的总细菌和大肠杆菌最可能数少于普通料 ,差异不显著(P>0.05) ;乳仔猪两料中的脲酶活性 ,膨化颗粒料比普通料分别降低56.25 %和28.57 % ,但差异不显著(P>0.05) ;膨化料与普通料相比 ,硬度明显增加 ,其中 ,哺乳仔猪料间差异显著(P<0.05) ,断乳仔猪料间差异极显著(P<0.01) ;膨化料与普通料相比 ,淀粉糊化度哺乳仔猪和断乳仔猪料分别提高32.86 %(P<0.05)和45.45 %(P<0.01)。饲养试验 ,膨化料育成率为96.77 % ,70日龄窝重203.76kg ,窝均盈利1040.83元 ,分别比普通料提高3.85 %(P>0.05)、13.01 %(P>0.05)和36.48 %(P<0.05)。     

中国野桑蚕人工饲料育研究初报

为解决野桑蚕作为试验昆虫在室内饲养难的问题,以江苏启东野桑蚕为材料,用家蚕低成本饲料进行了饲育研究。在催青期温度25℃、饲育温度27~25℃以及光照条件1~2龄12 L 12 D、3~5龄15 L 9 D的条件下,野桑蚕人工饲料育的2龄起蚕率为31.3%,幼虫期20~48 d,雌、雄蛹体质量分别为0.45、0.25 g,蛹期17~23 d,雌蛾平均产卵266粒,产滞育卵的母蛾占45.0%。研究结果表明,人工饲料育能够使野桑蚕顺利完成世代发育。     

Pre-cecal phosphorus digestibility for corn,wheat, soybean meal,and corn gluten meal in growing Japanese quails from 28 to 32 d of age

The optimization of dietary phosphorus (P) depends on precise details of the P availability in feed ingredients to avoid excess or deficient P in a mixed diet. This study was carried out to measure the apparent ileal digestibility of P for corn, wheat, soybean meal, and corn gluten meal in growing Japanese quails from 28 to 32 d posthatch. A total of 400 quail chicks were randomly distributed across 5 treatments with 4 replicates and 20 birds in each floor pen. The P-free diet (PFD) was formulated based on cornstarch to measure the basal endogenous P losses (EPL). Digestibility coefficients were determined by ileal digesta sampling using TiO₂ as an indigestible marker. The EPL was estimated at 384 mg/kg DMI. The apparent ileal P digestibility (AIPD) for corn, soybean meal, wheat, and corn gluten meal were determined to be 0.38, 0.53, 0.38, and 0.78, respectively. The corresponding values for true ileal P digestibility (TIPD) were 0.48, 0.61, 0.50, and 0.83, respectively. The t-test analysis showed that the difference of AIPD and TIPD values for corn (P = 0.031) and wheat (P = 0.015) were statistically significant, however, no significant differences were observed for corn gluten meal (P = 0.318) and soybean meal (P = 0.104). In conclusion, the correction of AIPD coefficients for EPL in low-P ingredients such as corn and wheat may be much more important than that in high-P feedstuffs such as corn gluten meal and soybean meal in growing quails.     

对碘量法测定日粮、肠道食糜及排泄物中半胱胺盐酸盐含量的改进研究

试验旨在探讨碘量法测定日粮、食糜及排泄物中半胱胺盐酸盐(cysteamine hydrochloride,CSH)含量的改进方法,为评估包膜CSH在动物胃肠道内释放过程中CSH的定量提供参考。试验分3部分:试验一:检验包膜CSH的上样量对碘标准液消耗量的线性关系,以确定碘量法检验包膜产品的准确度,采用单因素完全随机设计,CSH的上样量设6个水平,分别为28.28、113.12、226.24、339.36、452.48和565.61mg;试验二:考察H2SO4预处理对消除日粮、食糜和排泄物对碘量法测定CSH含量的影响,采用单因素完全随机设计,日粮、十二指肠食糜、空肠食糜、回肠食糜及排泄物样品中CSH(试剂级)的含量均设3个水平,即30、100和300mg/2g,形成15个含有CSH的样品,H2SO4溶液(6mol/L)设3个水平,即0.1、0.5和1mL,每个处理设3个重复;试验三:考察传统碘量法与试验二建立的改进方法在测定日粮、食糜及排泄物中包膜CSH含量的差异,采用两样本试验设计,日粮、十二指肠食糜、空肠食糜、回肠食糜及排泄物中CSH的含量均设28.73、84.84、141.47和200.56mg/2g。结果表明:①CSH的上样量对碘标准液消耗量及CSH测定值均呈显著的线性关系(P<0.01,R2=0.9999)。②在含有CSH的日粮中,H2SO4溶液处理后由碘量法测定的CSH质量对实际质量的回归均符合Y=X(P>0.05)。在含有CSH的十二指肠食糜和回肠食糜中,所有H2SO4溶液处理下CSH质量对实际质量的回归均不符合Y=X(P<0.05),但0.5和1.0mL比0.1mL H2SO4溶液处理使测定值更接近实际值。在含有CSH的空肠食糜及排泄物中,0.5和1.0mL H2SO4溶液处理使测定值对实际值的回归符合Y=X(P>0.05),而0.1mL H2SO4溶液处理下CSH测定值显著低于实际值(P<0.01)。③在含有CSH的日粮、十二指肠食糜、空肠食糜、回肠食糜及排泄物样品中,常规方法测定的CSH对实际质量均偏离Y=X(P<0.05),而1.0mL H2SO4溶液处理后的测值对实际质量均符合Y=X(P>0.05)。由此可见,采用适量H2SO4溶液进行处理后,可以排除日粮、食糜及排泄物对CSH测定的干扰。     

Treatment response and long term follow up in nineteen dogs diagnosed with chronic enteropathy in Australia

Chronic enteropathy (CE) in dogs is common worldwide, but little data is available from Australia. The aim of this study was to describe treatment response and long‐term outcome in a cohort of dogs with CE. Dogs were prospectively enrolled at Murdoch University and the University of Melbourne. After diagnostic investigation to rule out diseases other than CE, dogs underwent sequential therapeutic trials until achieving a clinical response (diet then antibiotics, and finally immunosuppressants). Success was defined as 75% reduction of clinical severity for a minimum of five weeks. A total of 21 dogs were enrolled, and 19 completed the study. One dog was euthanised for lack of response to treatment and one excluded for lack of owner compliance. Most dogs responded to diet (n = 10), followed by antibiotics (n = 7) and immunosuppressants (n = 2). Long‐term remission (median 21.1 months, [3.0‐44.7]) was achieved in eight out of ten dietary responders without additional treatment. In contrast, only two dogs with antibiotic response remained in long‐term remission, of which one needed on‐going antibiotic treatment. Longer term remission was achieved in the two dogs treated with immunosuppressants with on‐going low dose therapy. This study concludes that most dogs referred for CE in Australia respond to dietary treatment (even after previous dietary interventions), and remission is long‐term compared to dogs treated with an antibiotic. Furthermore, the need for long‐term antibiotics in some dogs to maintain response may lead to antibiotic resistance. This study supports adequate dietary trials for CE in dogs, and a need for alternative second‐line treatments.     

日粮营养代谢与基因表达的研究进展

动物日粮营养代谢能够影响基因的表达,研究表明:通过改变日粮的营养水平可以调节动物体内相关基因的表达,从而使动物处于最佳的生长状态。本文就碳水化合物、脂肪和脂肪酸、蛋白质等营养素对基因表达的调控进行了综述。     

饲喂玉米型日粮的生长绵羊限制性氨基酸研究

本实验采用９ 只安装有瘤胃、十二指肠和回肠瘘管的生长羯羊, 采用随机区组试验设计,研究了饲喂以玉米、玉米蛋白粉和青干草为基础日粮的绵羊消化道不同部位营养物质流通量,以及由十二指肠瘘管按“递减法”灌注不同氨基酸［Ａ：减赖氨酸（Ｌｙｓ） ;Ｂ：减蛋氨酸（ Ｍｅｔ） ;Ｃ１ ：全量;Ｄ：减苏氨酸（Ｔｈｒ） ;Ｅ：减组氨酸（Ｈｉｓ） ;Ｃ２ ：全量;Ｆ：减精氨酸（ Ａｒｇ） ;Ｇ：减色氨酸（Ｔｒｐ） ;Ｃ３ ：全量］ 对绵羊体内氮沉积、血浆尿素氮（ＰＵＮ） 、血浆游离氨基酸（ＦＡＡ） 浓度等指标的影响。结果表明：饲喂玉米型日粮的绵羊瘤胃食糜流通速率（ Ｋｐ） 为５ ．０９ ％ ～６ ．１５ ％ ／ ｈ , 进入十二指肠中微生物蛋白占总氮的比例为１７ ．７９ ％ ～３０ ．４３ ％ 。绵羊十二指肠中Ｍｅｔ 、Ｌｙｓ 、Ｈｉｓ 和Ａｒｇ 流量偏低,而Ｌｅｕ 的流量较高。与对照组（Ｃ１ 、Ｃ２ 、Ｃ３） 相比,减少Ｌｙｓ 、Ｍｅｔ 、Ｔｈｒ 、Ｈｉｓ 、Ａｒｇ 和Ｔｒｐ 组的绵羊体内沉积氮（ｇ／ ｋｇ Ｗ０ ．７５） 分别下降２３ ．５０ ％ 、４６ ．６７ ％ 、２８ ．６６ ％ 、１５ ．００ ％ 、１７ ．３３ ％ 和１５ ．８９ ％ ;日增重分别下降３７ ．０４ ％ 、５３ ．１７ ％     

Diet is a main source of vitamin D in Finnish pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

During the winter time in Finland, sunlight is inadequate for vitamin D synthesis. Many pet rabbits live as house rabbits with limited outdoor access even during summer and may therefore be dependent on dietary sources of vitamin D. The aims of this study were to report the serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in Finnish pet rabbits and to identify factors that influence vitamin D status. Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations from 140 pet rabbits were determined using a vitamin D enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit. Eleven rabbits were excluded from the statistical analysis because of unclear dietary data. The remaining 129 rabbits were divided into groups depending on outdoor access during summer (no access n = 26, periodic n = 57, regular n = 46) as well as daily diet: little or no hay and commercial rabbit food ≤1/2 dl (n = 12); a lot of hay and no commercial food daily (n = 23); a lot of hay and commercial food <1 dl (n = 59); a lot of hay and commercial food ≥1 dl (n = 35). The range of serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentration was from 4.5 to 67.5 ng/ml with a mean of 26.1 ng/ml. Statistical general linear model adjusted for weight, age and season indicated that diet was associated with vitamin D concentrations (p = 0.001), but outdoor access during summer was not (p = 0.41). Mean 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentration was significantly higher in the rabbits receiving a lot of hay and commercial food ≥1 dl (33.9 ± 13.2 ng/ml) than in rabbits in other diet groups (24.0 ± 8.5 ng/ml, 21.7 ± 8.1 ng/ml, and 22.2 ± 18.0 ng/ml, respectively). This investigation showed wide variation in 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations among Finnish pet rabbits. Diet remains a main source since outdoor access seems to be too limited to provide adequate vitamin D synthesis for most of them, and the use of vitamin D supplements is rare.