肠球菌研究进展

肠球菌(Enterococcus)是革兰阳性、过氧化氢酶阴性球菌,是人和动物肠道内主要常存菌群.该菌可引起群体致病和医院交叉感染,临床上表现为尿路感染、菌血症、心内膜炎等,加之许多报道显示肠球菌对多种抗生素都有耐药性和具有较强的致病性,因此越来越受到人们的关注.论文从生物学特性、毒力因子、耐药性、流行病学、临床检测等方...     

Antimicrobial resistance in Swiss laying hens, prevalence and risk factors

Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging concern to public health, and food-producing animals are known to be a potential source for transmission of resistant bacteria to humans. As legislation of the European Union requires to ban conventional cages for the housing of laying hens on the one hand, and a high food safety standard for eggs on the other hand, further investigations about the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in alternative housing types are required. In this study, we determined antimicrobial resistance in indicator bacteria from 396 cloacal swabs from 99 Swiss laying hen farms among four alternative housing types during a cross-sectional study. On each farm, four hens were sampled and exposure to potential risk factors was identified with a questionnaire. The minimal inhibitory concentration was determined using broth microdilution in Escherichia coli (n=371) for 18 antimicrobials and in Enterococcus faecalis (n=138) and Enterococcus faecium (n=153) for 16 antimicrobials. All antimicrobial classes recommended by the European Food Safety Authority for E. coli and enterococci were included in the resistance profile. Sixty per cent of the E. coli isolates were susceptible to all of the considered antimicrobials and 30% were resistant to at least two antimicrobials. In E. faecalis, 33% of the strains were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials and 40% were resistant to two or more antimicrobials, whereas in E. faecium these figures were 14% and 39% respectively. Risk factor analyses were carried out for bacteria species and antimicrobials with a prevalence of resistance between 15% and 85%. In these analyses, none of the considered housing and management factors showed a consistent association with the prevalence of resistance for more than two combinations of bacteria and antimicrobial. Therefore we conclude that the impact of the considered housing and management practices on the egg producing farms on resistance in laying hens is low.     

鸡支气管堵塞死鸡病变部位感染细菌及其耐药性分析

【目的】研究以支气管被黄、白色干酪样物质堵塞为主要病理变化的鸡呼吸系统疾病,为研究支气管堵塞形成的细菌学基础提供依据。【方法】无菌采集不同鸡场典型病死鸡的支气管堵塞部位样本,用常规细菌分离法结合16 sDNA测序进行细菌学分析,并对分离菌进行药敏试验和致病性试验。【结果】11个鸡场采集的18个样本中均分离到了大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌,2个鸡场分离到了奇异变形杆菌,1个鸡场分离到了鲍曼不动杆菌,所有典型发病鸡场均未检测到鸡毒支原体和滑液支原体。K-B法药敏实验显示大肠杆菌主要对头孢噻肟、氯霉素、氨苄西林、四环素、复方新诺明等有较高的耐药性;粪肠球菌主要对头孢他啶、氨曲南、复方新诺明等药物耐药。所有分离菌均无致病作用。【结论】大肠杆菌、粪肠球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和奇异变形杆菌等可单独或同时存在于支气管堵塞部位,可能是该病理变化形成的主要协同因素,而大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌存在于所有的被检病例中,且耐药性普遍很强。     

粪肠球菌铁富集能力研究

【目的】研究耐铁粪肠球菌X4对铁的富集能力,为开发生物有机铁制剂提供依据。【方法】采用单因素试验,以粪肠球菌X4菌体产量和铁富集率为指标,对影响X4铁富集性能的铁离子质量浓度、铁加入时间、X4菌液接种量、培养时间、碳源及氮源种类等发酵条件进行初筛;再采用L₁₈（3⁷）正交试验,以铁富集率为指标,对最佳碳源、氮源添加量及上述其他发酵条件进一步优化;最后在优化的发酵条件下进行15 L发酵罐模拟试验,对X4的铁富集性能进行评价。【结果】粪肠球菌X4铁富集最优发酵条件为：铁离子质量浓度650 mg/L,培养16 h加铁,X4菌液接种量为体积分数18%,培养时间84 h,可溶性淀粉添加量20 g/L,酵母膏添加量15 g/L,氯化铵添加量4 g/L。最优发酵条件下的发酵罐模拟试验结果显示,耐铁粪肠球菌X4的单位菌体产量为5.52 g/L,单位菌体铁富集量101.38 mg/g,铁富集率86.16%,单位菌体有机铁富集量12.67 mg/g,铁有机化率12.5%。【结论】从铁富集量、铁富集率和铁有机化率来看,耐铁粪肠球菌X4具备生产生物有机铁制剂的潜力。     

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Vancomycin‐Resistant Enterococcus faecium from Swine in Michigan,USA

In 2008, we identified vancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE) in Michigan swine, which was the first report of VRE in livestock from North America. Continued sampling in 2009 and 2010 was conducted to determine whether VRE persisted in Michigan. In 2009, swine faecal and feed samples (n = 56), county fair pig barn manure samples (n = 9) and pooled Michigan State Fair pig barn manure samples (n = 18) were screened for VRE. In 2010, swine faecal samples were collected from 26 county fairs (n = 73) and nine commercial swine farms in six states (n = 28). Recovered VRE isolates were molecularly evaluated by polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), S1 nuclease digestion and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Six VRE isolates were identified in 2009 from the State Fair, and another six (8.2%) were recovered from the five county fairs in 2010. All 12 isolates were highly related to the first‐reported VRE from Michigan swine: all were confirmed to be vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREf) carrying vanA gene on Tn1546 (Type D), were negative for IS1251, hyl and esp gene, carried a 150–160 kb megaplasmid, and have closely similar PFGE patterns with >80% similarity. Classified as ST5, ST6 or ST185 by MLST, all belong to the clonal complex 5, a strain recognized to be circulating among European pigs. This study reveals that VREf are widespread in Michigan swine and persist in the historical absence of the use of agricultural glycopeptides.     

Reduction of Salmonella in gnotobiotic Japanese quails caused by the enterocin A-producing EK13 strain of Enterococcus faecium

The effect of the enterocin A-producing EK strain of Enterococcus faecium on Salmonella dusseldorf SA31 was tested in gnotobiotic Japanese quails. Sixteen 3-day-old gnotobiotic Japanese quails, hatched from disinfected eggs placed in sterile boxes, were divided into two groups of 8 birds: a control group, which was inoculated orally with the SA31 strain (1×10⁷ CFU/ml), and the experimental group, which was inoculated orally with 200 l of E. faecium (1×10⁹ CFU/ml), 16 h before infection with the S. dusseldorf. The latter group then received the same average dose of E. faecium daily in drinking water. Faecal samples were taken 8, 24, 48 and 168 h after the inoculation of S. dusseldorf and examined for S. dusseldorf and E. faecium (EK13). The quails were then killed and the number of the EK13 strain of E. faecium and of S. dusseldorf in the caecum and ileum were estimated. A reducing effect of the EK13 strain against the SA31 strain in faeces was detected in the samples taken at 24 and 48 h from the group with the EK13 strain. Significant reductions were also found in the numbers of S. dusseldorf SA31 strain in the caecum but not in the ileum.     

SUBLUMBAR ABSCESS AND DISKOSPONDYLITIS IN A CAT

Diskospondylitis is uncommon in cats. We describe a cat with diskospondylitis of the L7-S1 intervertebral disk, and a concurrent sublumbar abscess. Radiographic, computed tomographic and ultrasonographic findings are presented. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures of blood and spinal fluid yielded no growth. Aerobic and anaerobic urine cultures resulted in growth of an Enterococcus sp. and Clostridium perfringens, respectively. The cat was successfully treated with enrofloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Clinical signs resolved completely, and based on follow-up ultrasonography there was no remaining evidence of the sublumbar abscess. Etiologic agents and outcome from other cats with diskospondylitis are reviewed.     

鲤鱼源粪肠球菌的体外抑菌试验研究

为证明益生菌候选菌株具有益生特性,将筛选的鲤鱼源粪肠球菌YL-1进行体外抑菌试验。结果发现,YL-1对病原菌嗜水气单胞菌有较强的抑菌作用;通过对YL-1上清液进行热处理,蛋白酶处理,中和酸等方式分析发现,其抑菌物质主要是对有机酸和胰蛋白酶敏感的一类物质。     

林麝源屎肠球菌LS170308株多重耐药基因岛PRI1分析

屎肠球菌作为条件致病菌在临床上报道的越来越多,主要引起宿主心内膜炎、败血症等,目前关于屎肠球菌的耐药性研究已日益突出,其原因主要在于该菌对β-内酰胺类药物天然耐药及对万古霉素等糖肽类抗生素耐药性不断增强,但该菌耐药性传播机制仍在进一步研究中。本研究拟描述1株林麝源屎肠球菌多重耐药基因岛的特征,显示出该基因岛在不同属细菌中的传播。采用单分子测序技术对这株林麝心源屎肠球菌进行从头测序,同时采用分子生物学工具对该基因岛进行分析。结果显示:这株屎肠球菌染色体上携带多个耐药基因,其中携带ANT(9)、ErmA的Tn554转座酶和携带AAC(6′)-le-APH(2″)-la的一对插入元件IS256共同构成的一个多重耐药基因岛来自金黄色葡萄球菌,该基因岛对大环内酯类、林可酰胺类及氨基糖苷类抗生素具有抗性。结果表明从死亡林麝内脏组织中分离得到1株屎肠球菌,该菌株携带有一个多重耐药基因组岛PRI1,该类型基因岛目前在屎肠球菌中并未有相关报道,同时这株菌来自野生动物,可为野生动物源细菌耐药性传播提供数据支持。