小麦-中间偃麦草异代换系的细胞学和SSR标记鉴定

中间偃麦草含有丰富的优良基因,在小麦的遗传改良中具有重要利用价值。对从八倍体小偃麦TAI-7045与普通小麦复合杂交后代中选育的小麦种质系CH-9916进行细胞学鉴定,其根尖细胞染色体数目为2n=42,为六倍体普通小麦,在苗期和成株期CH-9916对条锈病均表现免疫,中抗白粉病。通过SSR标记鉴定分析,其可能是由偃麦草的染色体代换了小麦的2D染色体。以上结果表明,种质系CH-9916可能是一个异代换系。     

重金属Cd Zn对长穗偃麦草生理生化特性的影响及其积累能力研究

以长穗偃麦草为材料,采用土培试验方法,研究了重金属Cd、Zn单一及复合污染对长穗偃麦草的生物量、保护酶（SOD和POD）、丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸（Pro）的影响,及长穗偃麦草对Cd、Zn的积累能力。结果表明,Cd、Zn单一及复合污染下,长穗偃麦草生物量随Cd和Zn浓度的升高而降低,与对照存在显著差异（P〈0.05）;Cd和Zn单一污染下,随着Cd、Zn浓度的升高,SOD、POD、MDA、Pro含量增加;Cd和Zn复合污染下,随处理质量浓度的增加,SOD呈下降趋势,POD和MDA呈增加趋势。Cd10Zn200处理下Pro含量减少,随Cd和Zn质量浓度的增加,其他复合处理下的Pro含量增加;植株根部的Cd和Zn积累量均大于地上部的积累量。综合实验结果,可初步判断长穗偃麦草能积累和忍受一定量的Cd、Zn,Cd和Zn复合污染对上述各指标的毒害效应大于同水平单元素污染的效应。长穗偃麦草根茎发达,生物量大,在生长过程中可通过生物量带走部分重金属Cd、Zn,因此长穗偃麦草具有修复重金属Cd和Zn污染土壤的潜能。     

Characterization of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit genes from Elytrigia elongata

Three high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunit (HMW‐GS) genes from Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski were characterized by determining the coding sequences of two x‐type subunit genes Ee2.1 and Ee1.9, and one y‐type subunit gene Ee1.8 with 2082, 1938 and 1788 bp, respectively. The numbers of amino acids in the central repeat domains of Ee2.1, Ee1.9 and Ee1.8 were considerably fewer than the other known HMW‐GSs with substitutions, insertions and/or deletions involving a single or more amino acid residues. Moreover, an extra cysteine (Cys) was found in the repeated domain of x‐type subunit Ee2.1. The difference in the number and position of Cys residues might be associated with the good dough quality. The extra Cys in the good‐quality subunit Dx5 was at the beginning of the repetitive domain, while the extra Cys in Ee2.1 was at the central repetitive domain. Evolutionary relationships between the HMW‐GSs from E. elongata and the known HMW‐GSs were estimated. It transpired that Ee1.9, Ee2.1 and Bx7 were clustered into one subgroup with high bootstrap values, while Ee1.8 was closely related to Ay.     

中间偃麦草和长穗偃麦草解剖结构的扫描电镜观察

运用扫描电镜观察了中间偃麦草Elytrigia intermedia和长穗偃麦草E. elongata的根、茎、叶以及根茎的形态解剖结构,结果显示：2种植物的根形态均由表皮、皮层和中柱组成,表皮着生大量根毛,内皮层细胞壁5面加厚,在横切面上呈马蹄形;茎与根茎的维管束分内外两圈分布,中央有髓腔;叶片形态由表皮、叶肉和叶脉3部分构成,表皮细胞包括长细胞、附属物、气孔器细胞和泡状细胞。中间偃麦草和长穗偃麦草的叶片表皮微形态上存在显著差异,其中长穗偃麦草叶脉上分布3～4列乳突,而中间偃麦草叶脉上则分布3～4列刺毛,另外在根皮层细胞中发现了发达的类似通气组织的结构,产生原因亟待进一步研究。     

21份偃麦草属牧草苗期耐盐性评价

对21份国外引进的野生偃麦草属种质材料在不同梯度NaCl胁迫下,通过存活率、株高、根茎比、生长胁迫指数和叶片伤害率的测定,利用主成分分析法和隶属函数法,综合评价其耐盐性.结果表明:随着盐浓度增大,偃麦草属材料除伤害率外,其它指标与对照相比均有所下降.根据综合评价值可知,其耐盐性由强到弱为ZXY03P-388,ZXY03P-349,ZXY03P-433,ZXY04P-210,ZXY04P-257,ZXY04P-77,ZXY03P-463,ZXY03P-480,ZXY04P-25,ZXY03P-368,ZXY03P-491,ZXY04P-176,ZXY04P-29,ZXY04P-490,ZXY04P-6,ZXY03P-444,ZXY04P-103,ZXY03P-318,ZXY03P-271,ZXY03P-289,ZXY04P-157.     

偃麦草属5种植物种子发育过程中生理生化的研究

对偃麦草属5种植物种子发育特性研究表明,其种子在成熟过程中水分含量呈下降的趋势,达50%含水量后下降非常迅速;干物质重量随种子的成熟逐渐增加,进入生理成熟期趋于稳定;偃麦草属植物种子成熟后含水量、干鲜重和千粒重存在种间显著差异,其中长根茎的巴顿硬叶偃麦草种子含水量、干鲜重和千粒重最低,种子较小。发芽实验结果表明,偃麦草属5种植物种子发育存在明显种间差异,种子发芽率与根茎的发育程度呈负相关,根茎越长,其休眠程度越严重。采用电导率值能够较好地反映种子间活力差异。偃麦草属植物种子发育过程中种子活力逐渐提高,直至种子进入生理成熟期（水分含量40%～50%）达到最高。     

Under‐sown cover crops and post‐harvest mowing as measures to control Elymus repens

Two potential control methods for Elymus repens, which do not disturb the soil, are post‐harvest mowing and competition from under‐sown cover crops. Our aim was to quantify the effect of cover crop competition and mowing on E. repens and to evaluate the potential for combining the two methods. We present a two‐factorial split‐plot experiment conducted at three locations in Sweden, in two experimental rounds conducted in 2011–2012 and 2012–2013. A spring cereal crop was under‐sown with perennial ryegrass, red clover or a mixture of the two (subplots). Under‐sown crops were either not mowed, or mowed once or twice post‐harvest (main plots). This was followed by ploughing and a new spring cereal crop the next year. Mowing twice reduced autumn shoot biomass by up to 66% for E. repens and 50% for cover crops compared with the control, twice as much as mowing once. Pure ryegrass and mixture treatments reduced E. repens shoot biomass by up to 40% compared with the control. Mowing twice reduced rhizome biomass in the subsequent year by 35% compared with the control, while the pure red clover treatment increased it by 20–30%. Mowing twice and treatments including red clover resulted in higher subsequent grain yields. We concluded that repeated mowing has the potential to control E. repens, but a low‐yielding cover crop has insufficient effect on rhizome biomass. Clover–grass mixtures are of interest as cover crops, because they have the potential to increase subsequent crop yield and even at low levels they reduce E. repens above‐ground autumn growth.     

偃麦草盐胁迫下转录组分析

为探究偃麦草（Elytrigia repens）耐盐分子机制,本试验以耐盐差异显著的E36与E42为试验材料,对180 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理0 d和3 d的叶片进行转录组测序。结果显示：转录组测序共获得80 735个Unigene,在NR数据库中共有10个同源性较高的物种;将差异表达基因进行KEGG功能注释,其中E42盐处理3 d和0 d对比产生的差异表达基因在植物病原体相互作用、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、苯丙烷类生物合成等方面有显著富集,E36盐处理3 d和0 d对比产生的差异表达基因在核糖体代谢、亚油酸代谢、碳代谢中具有显著富集;对E42盐处理0 d与3 d Unigenes进行对比,获得159个与耐盐相关差异表达基因,同样E36在盐处理下,获得61个与耐盐相关基因;对比代谢通路发现,E36和E42在光反应-捕光蛋白途径有明显差异;经qRT-PCR验证差异表达基因结果与转录组数据一致。偃麦草耐盐及敏盐种质在盐胁迫下光合调控、脯氨酸及过氧化物代谢在转录表达上均呈现显著差异。     

偃麦草属植物种质材料苗期耐盐性综合评价

采用温室苗期模拟NaCl盐分胁迫方法,对来自于21个国家的偃麦草属8个植物种34份种质材料苗期的叶片相对含水量、相对电导率、脯氨酸、K⁺/Na⁺、相对生长速度变化率、耐盐系数、存活率和出现盐害到死亡的时间等指标进行测定与分析,并对偃麦草属植物种质材料苗期的耐盐性进行综合评价。结果表明,上述指标均是偃麦草属植物种质材料苗期耐盐性评价的有效指标。且通过对0.9%NaCl浓度下的各项指标进行综合聚类,可将34份偃麦草属植物种质划分为3个耐盐级别,即耐盐种质有ER030、ER035、ER041、EE011、EE014、EE017、EE023、EE026、EE047、EH001、EH002和EPU02;中度耐盐种质有ER008、ER014、ER027、ER032、ER037、ER038、ER044、ER045、EE007、EE027、EJ001、EPO02、EPO03和EPO04;敏盐种质有ER028、ER033、ER036、ER039、EE022、EJ003、EL001和EI022。     

偃麦草属植物苗期耐盐性指标筛选及综合评价

对10份自国外引进的野生偃麦草属种质材料在不同梯度NaCl胁迫下,测定存活率、K /Na 、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量等12项指标,进行相关分析、主成分分析、隶属函数法和通径分析。结果表明,1)筛选出存活率、K /Na 、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、生长胁迫指数、相对生长速度6个可以对偃麦草属植物耐盐性进行评价的指标;2)根据耐盐综合评价值(D)得出材料耐盐性排序为ZXY04P-6>ZXY04P-210>ZXY04P-29>ZXY04P-490>ZXY04P-176>ZXY04P-103>ZXY03P-271>ZXY04P-157>ZXY03P-444>ZXY03P-289;3)10个材料的耐盐性预测值(VP)与综合评价值(D)极显著相关。