区域水土保持生态修复模式及效果评价——以长江流域两当河上游为例

根据长江流域两当河上游的环境特点,提出了自然力与人工辅助相结合的水土保持生态修复技术及建设模式,包括退化林地修复模式、荒山荒坡修复模式、农地修复模式和生态辅助措施.并应用遥感技术和地面人工调查相结合的方法,对生态修复模式实施的效果进行评价.结果表明,两当河退化生态系统修复效果明显,农田退化系统恢复效果显著,植被盖度提高,种群数量增加,生态系统向良性演变.     

生态休闲农业园规划设计探析--以金寨县石碑生态农业园为例

以休闲观光和生态农业旅游为核心,将金寨县石碑生态农业园区划分为办公服务区、采摘果树种植区、时令蔬菜种植区、畜禽生态养殖区、垂钓休闲中心、度假村、农家乐、红军街等分区,对各区内相关项目进行了精心策划,同时对典型景点进行了设计,可为国内同类项目的规划与建设提供参考。     

Interaction between the effects of evaporation rate and amount of simulated rainfall on development of the free-living stages of Haemonchus contortus

A factorial experiment (3 x 4 x 2 x 3) was conducted in programmable incubators to investigate interaction between the effects of rainfall amount, rainfall distribution and evaporation rate on development of Haemonchus contortus to L3. Sheep faeces containing H. contortus eggs were incubated on sterilised soil under variable temperatures typical of summer in the Northern Tablelands of NSW, Australia. Simulated rainfall was applied in 1 of 3 amounts (12, 24 or 32 mm) and 4 distributions (a single event on the day after deposition, or the same total amount split in 2, 3 or 4 equal events over 2, 3 or 4 days, respectively). Samples were incubated at either a Low or High rate of evaporation (Low: 2.1-3.4 mm/day and High: 3.8-6.1 mm/day), and faeces and soil were destructively sampled at 4, 7 and 14 days post-deposition. Recovery of L3 from the soil (extra-pellet L3) increased over time (up to 0.52% at day 14) and with each increment of rainfall (12 mm: <0.01%; 24 mm: 0.10%; 32 mm: 0.45%) but was reduced under the High evaporation rate (0.01%) compared with the Low evaporation rate (0.31%). All rainfall amounts yielded significantly different recoveries of L3 under Low evaporation rates but there was no difference between the 12 and 24 mm treatments under the High evaporation rate. The distribution of simulated rainfall did not significantly affect recovery of infective larvae. Faecal moisture content was positively associated with L3 recovery, as was the ratio of cumulative precipitation and cumulative evaporation (P/E), particularly when measured in the first 4 days post-deposition. The results show that evaporation rate plays a significant role in regulating the influence of rainfall amount on the success of L3 transmission.     

城市养蜂：发展甜蜜产业，助力幸福社会

近十年,世界范围内陆续出现蜜蜂大量神秘消亡现象,加之城市化迅速发展,蜜蜂种群面临着生存危机。发达国家率先寻求破解这一生态挑战的方案,而城市养蜂以亲近自然、休闲趣味等特点备受青睐。我国部分地区曾进行过城市养蜂的探索,但因饲养环境、社会因素等的制约,始终未能被广泛接受。随着城市绿化、技术进步等使城市养蜂的可行性不断提高,其对养蜂个体和社会生态的重要性不断凸显,有望成为提升我国社会发展质量的甜蜜产业。     

江西大富生态农业观光园总体规划

通过对大富生态农业观光园的指导思想、规划目标、功能分区、绿化配置诸方面,对其总体规划进行了介绍,力求将景观元素与农业生产相结合,使园区建设集观光、旅游、休闲、教育、生产、示范于一体.     

扁蓿豆光合生态特性的研究

本文在不同天气条件下研究扁蓿豆(Melilotoides ruthenica)的光合-光,光合-温和光合-湿的关系,种群光合的日变化以及灌水对种群光合生态特性的影响。结果如下:1.在一般天气条件下,扁蓿豆种群光合的日变化属于中午降低类型。下午的高峰值比上午低64%。在不同天气条件下日变化类型有所变化。在阴天或晴天灌水后,种群光合速率则无中午降低现象。2.在上午高峰值以前和下午高峰值以后,种群光合速率主受光照强度和温度的影响,随着光强和温度的升降而增减。而在中午前后虽然光照强度和温度较高,但光合速率反而下降,其主要原因是湿度减小所致。在不同天气条件下,种群光合速率的变化幅度有所区别,以阴天的斜率较大。3.扁蓿豆种群的光饱和点较低。阴天的比晴天高40%左右。上午的光合量比下午高105%。4.灌水可提高种群目光合量的56.52%,使光合日变化类型由双峰变为单峰曲线。根据以上光合生态特性,可以认为扁信是属于C₃阴性植物,并为其作为优良的野生混植材料提供可靠的依据。     

杨农间作对农田生态环境的改善

本文根据５ａ（１９９３～１９９７年）人工和自动气象仪器的观测资料,对不同模式杨农间作田中的温、湿、风和蒸发等小气候因子的时空分布及其效应进行了较为详尽的分析。结果表明：杨农间作的防风效能为４５％～８７％,平均５７％;可降低日最高气温０３℃～３４℃,平均降低１３℃;降低地面日最高温度６０℃,最高可达１９５℃;提高日平均绝对湿度０９ｈＰａ～２４ｈＰａ,平均１４ｈＰａ;提高日平均相对湿度１％～１３％,平均５％;减少水分蒸发１７％～３６％,平均２５％;在干热风日可使相对湿度＜３０％的持续时间减少４５ｈ。因此,杨农间作具有明显的防风、降温、增湿和减少蒸发的作用,这对改善田间小气候和农业生态环境,促进农业的高产、稳产具有重要意义。     

贺兰山自然保护区实施围封转移的生态发展战略分析

本文通过对阿拉善盟贺兰山自然保护区围封前后水土流失特征、成因及危害程度的调查分析,结果表明,围封前植被破坏严重,水土流失明显,围封转移战略是促进自然保护区生态恢复的有效措施.围封后通过各种工程措施的综合运用,保护区植被种类和盖度明显增加,生长量和生产力提高,有效地遏制了水土流失,改善了生态环境.     

The ecological role of bivalve shellfish aquaculture in the estuarine environment: A review with application to oyster and clam culture in West Coast (USA) estuaries

Aquaculture is viewed as a potential mechanism to meet the growing demand for seafood around the world. The future of bivalve shellfish aquaculture in the U.S. hinges on sustainable practices on the part of industry and a more consistent regulatory regime. Bivalve shellfish aquaculture is a recent practice relative to its history in other countries, beginning in the late 1800s along the U.S. West Coast where it is now well established with farm raised product utilizing land-based hatcheries and grow-out directly in numerous estuaries. Bivalve shellfish aquaculture can be viewed as a disturbance which modifies the estuarine system in three ways: 1) changes in material processes — bivalves process food and produce wastes; 2) addition of physical structure — aquaculture introduces the cultured organisms and in some cases a physical anchoring structure; and 3) pulse disturbances like harvest and bed maintenance disturb sediments, remove species in addition to the cultured organisms themselves, and change resource or habitat availability. In U.S. West Coast estuaries, water column and sediment nutrient concentrations are relatively high and influenced by large tidal exchange and proximity to deeper nearshore ocean waters where upwelling controls production during summer months. Bivalves are unlikely to influence material processes except at local bed scales in these systems, although estuary-wide effects could appear as the fraction of cultured area rises or in poorly flushed bays. Bivalve culture clearly modifies estuarine habitat at local community and at landscape scales and effects are most often evaluated against existing structured habitat in the form of submerged aquatic vegetation. Individual activities act as pulse disturbances and the recovery of eelgrass (Zostera marina) to pre-disturbance levels is variable (< 2 to > 5 years). The extent of disturbance depends on the aquaculture practice and the distribution of eelgrass reflects a balance of space competition, pulse disturbance and recovery, and is therefore at dynamic equilibrium on aquaculture beds. Structure provided by aquaculture appears functionally similar to eelgrass for small benthic infauna and mobile epibenthic fauna while use of aquaculture as habitat by larger more mobile invertebrates and fish depends on mobility and varies with life-history stage and taxon being evaluated. Scale seems a very important management consideration and further research at estuarine landscape scales, especially for habitat use by important invertebrates and fish, may prove useful in designing and implementing best management practices. Though local and short term effects from aquaculture are clearly evident in U.S. West Coast estuaries, bivalve aquaculture does not remove area from the estuary or degrade water quality like other anthropogenic influences, and thus has not been implicated in shifts to alternate states or reduced adaptive capacity of the larger ecological system.     

溶解性有机质对土壤重金属活性影响的研究概况

土壤溶解性有机质（Dissolved Organic Matter）是土壤溶液的一个重要的组成部分,在土壤的化学和生物过程中起着很重要的作用。在过去的二十多年里,就DOM的组成和其在土壤中的作用已经得到很大程度的重视且取得了相当大的进步。DOM可能会对重金属有很显著的控制作用,而重金属也可能对DOM有种特殊且强烈的亲和性,这种亲和性在很大程度上影响着土壤中重金属的活性和环境生态,而且不同来源和不同提取方法提取的DOM在功能上有着差异。本文系统评述了DOM的来源、结构、生态功能以及对重金属活性的影响,同时介绍了一些未来有待解决的问题。