安徽省生态高标准农田建设规范初探

为促进农业现代化发展,保障国家粮食安全,依据国家有关规定及技术标准,提出安徽省生态高标准农田建设规范。规范内容涵盖了生态高标准农田的定义、建设条件、高标准农田中生态建设和管理技术措施、农业清洁生产、农产品质量安全、农田管护等制度方面的要求。     

采取得力措施 促进江西水保工作全面提高

<正> 1 10年来我省水土保持工作的成绩1.1 水土流失综合防治速度加快,生态环境明显改善我省坚持把水土流失治理作为发展经济和帮助群众脱贫致富的一件大事来抓,科学规划,精心组织,强化领导,明确职责,全省水土流失防治工作蓬勃开展,为改善生态环境发挥了重要作用.据不完全统计,10年来,全省共治理水土流失面积140多万hm~2,完成高标准重点治理面积22.67万hm~2.其中修建水平梯田10多万hm~2,建设水土保持林110多万hm~2,种草1.86万hm~2,发展经济果木林12万hm~2.“六五”期间每年完成6.2万hm~2水土流失治理任务,“七五”期间每年完成13.3万hm~2,“八五”期间每年完成20万hm~2,治理速度显著加快.兴国县自1983年列入国家重点治理县以来,经过10多年的治理,年土壤流失量由1160万t减少到460万t,山地土壤有机质提高2倍以上,全氮含量提高1倍以上;强度流失区治理后夏季地表最高温度平均下降8℃,冬季上升3.6℃,空气湿度提高6倍;山地植被覆盖度由28.7%上升到72.2%;全县几条主要河流河床平均下降0.26m,蓄水量每年增加2.3亿m~3,作物有效灌溉面积扩大1800hm~2,复种指数由145%提高到245%.     

单流道泵试验研究

介绍单流道泵的结构及其性能特点,对单流道叶轮的结构进行剖析,分析其无堵塞性优良的原因,提出一个用静平衡原理进行质量力动平衡的方法,用统计分析的方法建立了确定叶轮几何参数的经验公式。     

Deforestation and extant distributions of Mexican endemic mammals

Deforestation threatens biodiversity conservation worldwide, but little quantitative information is available on how it affects individual species’ distributions. We modeled potential distributions of 85 continental endemic Mexican mammal species using ecological niche modeling, and produced testable predictions of species’ extant distributions by limiting ecological niches to remnant untransformed habitat based on the Inventario Nacional Forestal 2000. We included point occurrence data for all endemics only from collecting localities prior to 1970, before wide areas of habitat transformation occurred nationwide. Most endemics (61 of 85, 72%) showed a high proportion of transformed habitat (34.5%) at the national level. More than one-fourth of the endemics (23 out of 85, 27%) lost more than 50% of untransformed habitat within their potential distributions; two showed drastic areal loss of more than 90%; another two showed a loss of more than 80%. Only 34 of the endemics are listed as endangered or threatened in the Mexican Norma Oficial Mexicana (NOM). No significant association existed between proportional loss and conservation status as assigned in the NOM, nor are correlations significant between original distributional area and area of remnant untransformed habitat. Both findings suggest that geographic location determines extinction risks rather than area per se. Endemics in the state of Veracruz and in the Transvolcanic Belt suffered the most drastic niche reductions and thus appear to be at high extinction risk from further deforestation.     

Earthworm ecological groupings based on C analysis

We report the first use of ¹⁴C isotope analysis to investigate the ecological grouping of earthworms. Mature endogeic (Allolobophora caliginosa), mature epigeic (Lumbricus rubellus), and semimature anecic worms (A. longa) were collected in September 2002 from a woodland site at Lancaster, UK. Because anecic worms are known to have a variable feeding behaviour and can show dietary changes during ontogeny, additional immature and mature specimens of A. longa were also collected from the same site in January 2004. Epigeic earthworms showed the lowest radiocarbon concentration (0-3-years old), implying that they assimilated more recently fixed carbon than the anecic or endogeic earthworms. The age of carbon assimilated in mature anecic species (5-7-years old) was closer to that of endogeic species (5-8-years old) than to epigeics, suggesting that a greater proportion of older, more mineralised organic matter may form part of the diet of the anecic earthworms than previously thought. These results suggest that ¹⁴C approaches are useful in the study of the feeding behaviour of detritivorous animals by providing in situ information on the age of the carbon assimilated by the worms. This can then be related to their role in ecosystem functioning, particularly in carbon cycling.     

Bats in a fragmented landscape: Species composition, diversity and habitat interactions in savannas of Santarém, Central Amazonia, Brazil

Species response to forest fragmentation may strongly vary according to ecological requirements, shape, spatial configuration and connectivity of fragments, and the structure of the surrounding matrix. Bats are natural candidates for studies on forest fragmentation. However, the conclusions of such studies are often contradictory. We present the results of a study on the effects of forest fragmentation on bat communities in Alter do Chão, Santarém area, in Central Amazonia, Brazil, an area composed by forests and fragments surrounded by savanna-like vegetation. We compared the species composition between habitats, tested the effect of size, shape and density of trees of forested areas on the presence species and their relative frequency of captures, and investigated the savannas as an ecological barrier for the dispersion of bats. With an effort of 5678 mistnet-hours, we captured 3740 bats (64 species). Multidimensional Scaling indicated no strong separation between the habitats sampled, however, savanna sites were grouped distinctly of fragments and forest sites. Multiple linear regressions indicated no significant correlation between the number of bat species recorded and the size, shape or tree density in forest sites and fragments. There was a significant correlation between the number of captures and the variables tested, explained by the shape of the sites, but not by size or tree density. In general, sites with bigger shape indices had fewer captures. Ten of the 20 most captured species showed no significant difference between the three habitats. The bat communities in Alter do Chão were not strongly affected by forest fragmentation, and the savannas did not appear to act as an ecological barrier to bats.     

基于计曲线的DEM生成与地形分析——以在黄土高原的试验为例

数字高程模型(DEM)是水土流失监测与水土保持中地形分析不可缺少的空间数据，但是，目前国家测绘部门1：1万比例尺DEM的完成尚待时日。提出了利用计曲线快速生成DEM的技术方法，并以黄土丘陵区为试验样区，评定其精度特征与应用适宜性。实验结果表明，该方法生成的DEM同首曲线数字化生成的DEM相比，建立的效率大为提高，精度有保证，能够满足黄土高原地区一般地形分析的需要，不失为一种快速、简洁、有效的技术方法。     

Re-test of Rhinocyllus conicus host specificity, and the prediction of ecological risk in biological control

Biological control is proposed as an ecological strategy to manage the threat of invasive plants, especially in natural areas. To pursue this strategy, we need to know that the host specificity criteria used to evaluate ecological risk with deliberate introduction of an exotic insect for biocontrol are sufficient to predict potential impact on native species. Host specificity is defined by adult feeding and oviposition preferences and larval development. One way to evaluate the criteria is to re-examine case histories where ecological effects are recorded, such as that of Rhinocyllus conicus Frölich. This flower head weevil, released in North America in 1968 to control exotic thistles like Musk thistle (Carduus nutans L), is now reducing seed production by multiple native North American thistle species (Cirsium spp.), and local population density of Platte thistle (Cirsium canescens Nutt.). We hypothesized that host specificity of R. conicus has changed since pre-release testing, providing an explanation for the unexpected magnitude of the documented ecological effects. Instead, when we re-tested host specificity of weevils naturalized over 28 generations, we found that host specificity has not changed. Naturalized adults of R. conicus showed strong feeding and oviposition preference for Musk thistle over Platte thistle. In addition, larval development by these weevils was faster and more successful (to larger size) on Musk thistle than on Platte thistle. Thus, our results indicate that a change in host specificity cannot explain the unexpectedly large build-up of R. conicus and significant ecological effect on Platte thistle. We conclude that accurate prediction of the potential level of impact on native host plants in the field requires further ecological information in addition to host specificity.     

我国陆生生态化学计量学应用研究进展与展望

生态化学计量学是一门集生态学、化学计量学、物理学的交叉学科,是当前生态学研究的热点和前沿领域,为研究植物限制性元素及生态系统物质循环提供了一种新的方法和思路。本文重点从气候变化与氮沉降、生态系统演化、添加实验及人类活动等对生态化学计量特征的影响方面对我国陆生生态化学计量学的应用研究进行了总结与评述,并结合现已开展的工作,对有待进一步拓展的相关生态化学计量研究领域进行了展望,以期在生态系统稳定性、常量元素调控等方面的研究取得新突破。     

兰成渝输油管道工程甘陕段土壤流失预测

兰成渝输油管道工程甘陕段全长 5 3 8km ,建设中损坏原地貌和地表植被 ,产生大量的弃土弃渣。经分析计算 ,新增土壤流失量为 3 3 5 5万t,其中弃土弃渣流失量 2 3 19万t ,占流失总量的 69% ;损坏原地貌和植被新增土壤流失量 10 3 6万t。弃土弃渣是土壤流失防治的重点。