EMS诱导巴西橡胶树花药次生体细胞胚突变方法初探

以巴西橡胶树热研7-33-97未成熟花药次生体细胞胚为材料,采用化学诱变剂EMS(甲基磺酸乙酯)诱变处理,设置4个浓度(0%、0.1%、0.3%、0.5%)、4个处理时间(2、4、6、8 h)共16个处理组合,以"半致死剂量"为选择标准,确定了巴西橡胶树热研7-33-97未成熟花药次生体细胞胚的适应诱导组合为EMS浓度0.5%,处理时间4 h。     

Dynamic stock model for analysing semi‐intensive production of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus (Penaeus) vannamei affected by the acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease: Assessment of disease severity indicators and relationships with pond water quality parameters

The production of Litopenaeus vannamei was analysed when affected by the acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease using a dynamic stock model and primary data of seven production cycles from a shrimp farm in Mexico from 2013 to 2016. Significant results (p < .05) of the correlation analysis indicated that during those years mortalities by the disease were more severe when water salinity was high and productivity was low. Significant results from ANOVA showed that throughout the period, disease severity and salinity diminished while pond productivity initially declined but subsequently improved. Significant results from regression analyses conducted for each production cycle also indicated the importance of salinity and productivity on disease severity and showed that early mortality by the disease occurred in ponds with warmer water. Within the observed range of water quality parameters, increases of 1 cm in water transparency and 1 g/L in salinity resulted in increments within 0.17%–0.25% and 1.7%–3.1% in shrimp mortality by the disease. When increases of 1°C in water temperature were recorded, outbreaks occurred 0.2–1.57 weeks earlier. In conclusion, the disease strongly determines the dynamics of shrimp production, and the role of salinity, productivity and temperature is worthy of further delving.     

水稻矮杆小粒突变体dsg1的表型鉴定及粒形基因精细定位

粒形是评价水稻产量和品质性状的重要指标之一,其分子机制研究对水稻（Oryza sativa）遗传改良及品种培育有重要意义。利用EMS诱变粳稻品种TB309获得了一个矮杆小粒的突变体dwarf and short grain (dsg1)。与野生型相比,突变体dsg1株高较野生型显著降低20.35%,其矮化表型由穗长和节间长度缩短缩短所致。突变体的籽粒粒长、粒宽和粒厚分别减少15.53%、10.45%和7.26%。将突变体dsg1与9311进行杂交,获得F2群体进行表型考察和遗传分析,F2代出现表型分离,正常粒长与dsg1突变体的粒长比例符合3:1,说明该粒长突变基因是由隐性单基因控制。利用图位克隆的方法,将突变基因定位于水稻第4染色体分子标记ID2798与ID2803之间52.28 kb的区间内,并利用Gramene数据库对定位区间进行基因预测,发现该区间存在11个基因,这为该突变基因的克隆和功能分析奠定了基础。     

EMS诱变的普通小麦豫农201突变体库的构建与初步分析

为了构建小麦EMS突变体库,为小麦功能基因组学研究准备基础材料,利用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(Ethyl methane sulfonate,EMS)溶液诱变处理豫农201种子,对获得的M2代植株进行农艺性状及其他生物学性状的表型筛选,结果共获得722份叶、茎、穗和其他性状发生变异的突变体,其中139份叶片性状突变、220份茎秆性状突变、38份穗部和籽粒性状突变、325份其他性状突变,突变频率分别为2.20%、3.49%、0.60%、5.15%.利用SDS-PAGE对突变体的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基进行分析,共发现有21个缺失不同类型亚基的突变体.本研究初步构建的豫农201 EMS突变群体可应用于小麦功能基因组研究和小麦遗传改良.     

Inbreeding and disease in tropical shrimp aquaculture: a reappraisal and caution

The disease crisis facing shrimp aquaculture may be propelled, in part, by an interaction between management practices that cause inbreeding, and the amplification by inbreeding of susceptibility to disease and environmental stresses. The study describes and numerically simulates gene flow from Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei hatcheries that employ a ‘Breeder Lock’ to discourage use of their PL as breeders, through ‘copy hatcheries’ that breed the locked PL, to inbred shrimp in farm ponds. Re‐analysis of published data shows that inbreeding depression under stress is exceptionally strong in shrimp. Inbreeding is currently overlooked as a problem because: (1) procedures recommended for well‐managed hatcheries do not consider their implications for the copy hatcheries that supply most farmed shrimp (estimated 70%), (2) inbreeding in hatcheries is often reported as zero even though zero is the mathematical expectation of the usual estimator (Fis, fixation index) whatever the true genealogy of the broodstock. Simulation shows, however, that inbreeding can be estimated with Wang's trioML estimator, that Fis can differentiate Breeder Locked from copy PL and that simple tests can verify the lock status of PL. The importance of inbreeding should be re‐evaluated in the context of disease and environmental stress. Unrecognized inbreeding may increase the incidence, prevalence and lethality of WSSV, IHHNV, EMS (AHPND) and other diseases.     

哈茨木霉T2-16突变体库的构建及突变株表型分析

为了优化高效拮抗生防菌哈茨木霉T2-16的EMS诱变条件,构建哈茨木霉T2-16突变体库,为哈茨木霉功能基因组研究奠定材料基础,以哈茨木霉T2-16为试验材料,采用单因素试验以0～0.6 mol·L^-1 EMS溶液分别处理不同浓度孢子0～6 h,明确适于哈茨木霉诱变的EMS最佳浓度、处理时间和孢子浓度。以最适参数诱变处理野生型菌株,进行生长势、拮抗能力和生防效果比较。结果显示,0.4 mol·L^-1 EMS溶液处理浓度为10⁶ ·mL^-1的孢子4 h,其致死率接近70%,诱变效果最佳。经生长势、拮抗能力和生防效果比较发现,生长势呈正向突变占有率达46.20%,其中,16株突变菌株拮抗作用明显增强,T42和T62的生防效果分别高出野生型菌株31.64%和27.91%,为研究哈茨木霉与生防相关的功能基因打下基础。     

化学诱变剂EMS对白菜型冬油菜‘陇油7号’形态及生理生化的影响

采用不同体积分数化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)处理白菜型冬油菜‘陇油7号’种子,研究其发芽率、成苗率及苗期植株形态特征、叶片和根的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、可溶性蛋白质质量分数、可溶性糖质量分数的变化。结果表明,EMS对油菜‘陇油7号’发芽率和成苗率的抑制作用随浓度增加而增强,0.6%为半致死量;EMS对油菜的生长发育有一定抑制作用,且抑制作用与浓度呈正相关;用一定体积分数的EMS处理油菜种子其抗逆性有增强趋势。     

优良苹果酒酵母的选育

以目前我国应用于葡萄酒及其他果酒的1#,2#,3#,4#,5#酿酒酵母为材料,通过其对苹果汁的发酵能力、发酵特性及发酵所得苹果酒品质的系统试验,筛选出5#为最佳苹果酒酿酒酵母,其发酵的原酒的酒精度可达到113.2mL/L。然后以5#酵母为出发菌株,利用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)进行诱变,获得了1株对苹果汁的发酵能力更强、发酵特性更佳和发酵所得苹果酒品质更优的苹果酒酵母E-3,其发酵的原酒的酒精度可达到114.2mL/L,且酒体澄清透明、色泽金黄,具有苹果酒的典型风味。     

大豆“南农86-4”突变体筛选及突变体库的构建

应用⁶⁰Co γ射线和甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)分别对“南农86-4”大豆种子进行诱变，并构建大豆突变体库。结果在M₃代分别获得40份和145份叶、茎、花、种子、子叶等性状变异的材料。在两种方式诱变的M₃代都获得蛋白质和油含量变化的材料，尤其在EMS诱变的M₃代中获得47份蛋白质含量比对照高5个百分点以上的材料，5份蛋白质和油总含量比对照高5个百分点以上的材料。这些突变体可以作为新的种质资源，构建的突变体库也有助于大豆功能基因组研究的开展。