规模化猪场粪污处理工艺的研究

在国内外猪场粪污处理工艺调研的基础上，通过对粪污粒径分布、沉降性能和气浮工艺适用性的试验研究，确定了一种先进实用、可靠、易行的猪场粪污达标排放的处理工艺。     

大步甲的分子系统与进化模式

大步甲主要分布于北半球,全世界大约有1000余种。因大步甲后翅退化,不能飞行,其移动能力和扩散范围都受到很大程度的限制,因此,容易产生地理隔离和遗传分化,从而成为研究物种分化和生物多样化的好材料。近年来,通过对大步甲分子系统的详细研究,不仅很大程度上解明了大步甲各分类群间的系统发育关系,而且对大步甲的系统演化过程和形态进化模式也有了较深的理解,获得了很多重要的见解。在此做一个简单的综述。     

规模化猪场粪污处理工艺的研究

在国内外猪场粪污处理工艺调研的基础上，通过对粪污粒径分布、沉降性能和气浮工艺适用性的试验研究，确定了一种先进实用、可靠、易行的猪场粪污达标排放的处理工艺。     

Competition and compensation among cattle, zebras, and elephants in a semi-arid savanna in Laikipia, Kenya

Competition and compatibility between livestock and wildlife in Africa has been a point of considerable speculation, with implications for conservation. However, controlled replicated experiments are lacking. Here we report on the results of a long-term exclosure experiment in Laikipia, Kenya, in which different guilds of large mammalian herbivores have been independently manipulated since 1995. In plots from which cattle were excluded, the density of zebra dung in 2000 was on average 46% greater than in control plots. This was due to differential zebra use, and not to differential rates of dung removal (by dung beetles or other factors). Vegetation data indicate that cattle fully compensate for the absence of wildlife; all plots accessible to cattle had similarly low grass cover. However, wildlife do not fully compensate for the absence of cattle; plots with only wildlife had more grass cover than plots accessible to cattle. Zebra dung density was strongly correlated with total grass cover, suggesting that zebras are effectively tracking resource abundance. There is also evidence of pair-wise competition between cattle and elephants, and between elephants and zebras. The strong competition between cattle and zebras appears to be mitigated by the presence of elephants. A significant cattle x elephant interaction on the abundance of zebra dung indicates that elephants reduce the negative effects of cattle on zebras. In the presence of cattle, elephants facilitate the abundance of zebra, apparently by suppressing resource extraction (bite rates) by cattle. The precise mechanism for this indirect facilitation is not clear, but it may be related to the demonstrated reduction in forb cover associated with elephant presence.     

Mineralization of nitrogen in permanent pastures amended with fertilizer or dung

 Nitrogen mineralization was measured in three permanent pastures – either fertilized or unfertilized grass, or a mixed grass-clover sward – which were further amended with either fertilizer or cattle dung over a summer growing season. Measurements were made at 4-weekly intervals from June to October. Rates of net mineralization were similar in each of the background treatments (overall mean 0.99±0.091 kg N ha^–1 day^–1) and did not change markedly during the experiment. From the second sampling (July) onwards, rates of mineralization in all the dung treatments were higher than in the control by a factor of up to 2. In the fertilizer-amended treatments, rates were also consistently (but not significantly) higher than in the control. However, the relatively small effect of fertilizer detected at each sampling had a significant cumulative effect by the end of the experiment. There was no interaction between the background and current treatments. Potential mineralization, measured by anaerobic incubation, increased in all the treatments over the period of the experiment, showing an accumulation of readily mineralizable residues. Total N mineralized and the N accumulated during the experiment were calculated and compared. This approach suggests that potential measurements could provide a good estimate of changes in soil N supply that would not be otherwise detectable in changes in soil total N in the short-term. Received: 12 June 2000     

Fluctuations of carabid populations inhabiting an ancient woodland (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

The changes in population size of carabid beetles inhabiting an ancient woodland were analysed in a long-term investigation covering a period of nine years (1994–2002). The amplitude of fluctuations of the relative density of these species was estimated and compared with those of carabid beetles inhabiting recent woodlands and more unstable habitats in open landscapes. To analyse this, 8 pitfall traps were set in an ancient beech and oak woodland in the nature reserve “Lüneburger Heide” in northern Germany and were emptied every fortnight the whole year round.Catching rates for some species (e.g. Carabus problematicus and Abax parallelepipedus) fluctuated only slightly, whereas those of other species (e.g. C. violaceus and C. auronitens) varied as much as ten-fold. Comparison of these results with those of other long-term investigations of recent woodlands and also of more open habitats showed that in each of the three habitat types some species varied very little in abundance and others, very widely. So it seems that the amplitude of fluctuations in abundance is a feature of each single species rather than a special attribute of their habitats.     

生物炭饲牛：一个提高土壤肥力和农业生产率的创新解决方案

Addition of biochar produced through thermal decomposition of biomass has been seen as a strategy to improve soils and to sequester carbon (C), but wide scale implementation of the technology requires to devise innovative profitable solutions. To develop biochar utilisation with an integrated system approach, an innovative program was implemented in 2012 on a 53-ha farm in Western Australia to determine the costs and benefits of integrating biochar with animal husbandry and improvement of pastures. Biochar was mixed with molasses and fed directly to cows. The dung-biochar mixture was incorporated into the soil profile by dung beetles. We studied the changes in soil properties over 3 years. Biochar extracted from fresh dung and from the soil to a depth of 40 cm was characterised.~A preliminary financial analysis of the costs and benefits of this integrated approach was also undertaken.~The preliminary investigation results suggested that this strategy was effective in improving soil properties and increasing returns to the farmer.~It was also concluded that the biochar adsorbed nutrients from the cow's gut and from the dung. Dung beetles could transport this nutrient-rich biochar into the soil profile. There was little evidence that the recalcitrant component of the biochar was reduced through reactions inside the gut or on/in the soil. Further research is required to quantify the long-term impact of integrating biochar and dung beetles into the rearing of cows.     

Ground beetles (Carabidae) and edge effect in oak-hornbeam forest and grassland transects

We evaluated ground beetle diversity in relation to forest edge between an oak-hornbeam forest and adjacent herbaceous grassland. To test our hypothesis that the diversity of ground beetles was higher in the forest edge than the interior, pitfall trap samples were taken along two forest-grassland transects in northern Hungary. The diversity of ground beetles was significantly higher at the forest edge and in the grassland than in the forest interior. Ground beetle assemblages in the forest interior, forest edge and grassland could be separated from each other by ordination. Indicator species analysis detected five groups of species: habitat generalists, grassland-associated species, forest generalists, forest specialists, and edge-associated species. Rank correlation indicated leaf litter, herb, canopy cover, and prey abundance as the most important factors influencing carabid diversity. The high diversity of the forest edge resulted from the presence of edge-associated species and of species characteristic of adjacent habitats. Forest edges seem to play an important role in maintaining diversity. Serving as source habitats, edges also contribute to the recolonisation by ground beetles after habitat destruction or other disturbance in the adjacent habitats.     

青岛地区常见嗜尸性甲虫种类及其季节性消长规律研究

2012至2014年在青岛农业大学校园内,采用野外投放猪尸体的方法,研究了本地区嗜尸性甲虫的种类及其在野外一年中的消长规律.结果显示:嗜尸性甲虫6科12种,分别为弯葬甲Thanatophilus sinuatus (L.)、双带皮蠹Dermestes coarctatus Harold、拟白腹皮蠹Dermestes frischii Kugelann、大隐翅虫Creophilus maxillosus L.、大赤隐翅虫Philonthus s pini pes Sharp、Philonthus varians Paykull、吉氏分阎甲Merohister jekel (Marseul)、半纹腐阎甲Saprinus semistriatus(Scriba)、短角露尾甲Omosita colon(L.)、暗色露尾甲Nitidula rufipes Linnaeus、赤足郭公虫Necrobia rufipes (Degeer)和赤颈郭公虫Necrobia ru ficollis (Fabricius).嗜尸性甲虫从肿胀期开始出现,主要集中在干化期.肿胀期和腐败期的优势种是隐翅虫科昆虫,阎甲科昆虫因其捕食蝇类幼虫,所以在腐败期也大量出现,干化期的优势种是皮蠹科成虫和幼虫.     

畜牧业环境污染控制的研究进展

发展洁净畜牧业，生产营养、卫生、安全的畜产品，不仅是提高我国畜产品市场竞争力的迫切需要，也是保障人畜健康，提高人民生活质量的一项重要措施。为此，本文就畜牧业生产中的污染问题与发展洁净畜牧业的对策措施作一简述。