Topographical Anatomy, Computed Tomography, and Surgical Approach of the Guttural Pouches of the Donkey

The guttural pouches of the donkey are a pair of pouches located dorsoposteriorly to the posterior pharynx. The pouches have a close contact rostrally with the sphenoid bone, ventrally with the pharynx and esophagus, and caudally with the atlantoaxial joint. The left and right guttural pouches have almost the same capacity. In this study, topographic anatomy, computed tomography (CT) examination, and a surgical approach were carried out in the heads of donkeys. Results of the CT examination, transverse and sagittal sections of the heads, revealed that the donkeys possessed large, symmetrical guttural pouches incompletely divided into medial and lateral compartments by the stylohyoid bone. Moreover, the right and left guttural pouches met each other at the median part to form a thin membranous septum. As CT sections approached the occipital condyle, the lateral compartment disappeared and the medial compartment gradually became smaller toward the base of the skull. Two cadaver heads were examined to assess the anatomic limits of the surgical approach and whether vital structures might be damaged. Direct access to the lateral compartment was performed using a modified Garm's technique, whereas direct access to the medial compartment was gained through Viborg's triangle.     

驴生长激素基因cDNA的克隆及生物信息学分析

[目的]研究驴GH基因的特性与功能。[方法]以驴肝组织为材料,设计一对特异性引物,采用RT-PCR技术克隆驴GH基因cDNA序列。[结果]测序得到706bp的驴GH基因cDNA序列,此序列包含完整的GH基因的阅读框,编码216个氨基酸,驴GH基因编码的蛋白有7个的疏水区域,存在7个跨膜区和信号肽,二级结构主要以α-螺旋和不规则卷曲为主,三级结构包含第27～215位氨基酸残基。[结论]驴GH基因在进化上非常保守,基于CDS序列构建的系统进化树与比较形态学和比较生理学结果一致。     

驴,骡血气分析初探

对２５头驴、骡进行血气分析，结果表明：驴、骡血液ｐＨ，Ｐｏ＿２，Ｏ＿２ＳＴ，ＨＣＯ，Ｔｃｏ＿２，ＢＥ＿ｂ，ＳＢｃ，ＢＥ＿（ｅｃｆ）在二者之间无显著差异性（Ｐ＞０．０５）；驴血液Ｐｃｏ＿２，和乳酸皆高于骡（Ｐ＜０．０１和Ｐ＜０．０５）；驴、骡的血液ｐＨ为７．４１±０．０３，Ｐｏ＿２为４．９７±０．９７ｋＰａ，Ｐｃｏ＿２为５．２０±０．３９ｋＰａ，Ｏ＿２ＳＴ为７１．２９±９．２５％，ＨＣＯ＿３为２５．９４±１．６８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｔｃｏ＿２为２７．１５±１．７３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＢＥ＿ｂ为１．９６±１．７１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＳＢｃ为２５．６８±１．３１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＢＥ＿（ｅｃｆ）为１．２３±１．８９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，乳酸含量为１．６８±０．６３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

Antagonism of Detomidine-Induced Sedation,Analgesia, Clinicophysiological,and Hematobiochemical Effects in Donkeys Using IV Tolazoline or Atipamezole

The present study aimed to investigate and evaluate the reversal of sedation, analgesia, ataxia, clinicophysiological findings, and hematobiochemical effects of detomidine by subsequent IV administration of tolazoline or atipamezole to improve safety and utility of detomidine in donkeys. Six mature donkeys weighing 250–300 kg and aged 4–6 years were used on three separate occasions. Each donkey received the following three treatments at the rate of one treatment per week in a randomized crossover study. The first group received 0.04 mg/kg bwt detomidine. The second group received 0.04 mg/kg bwt detomidine followed by 4.0 mg/kg bwt tolazoline. The third group received 0.04 mg/kg bwt detomidine followed by 0.4 mg/kg bwt atipamezole. Sedation, analgesia, ataxia, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were recorded at 5 minutes before, then at 5, 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes after injections. Red blood cell and white blood cell counts, Packed cell volume (%), hemoglobin, total protein, cholesterol, glucose, urea, aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, and gamma glutamyl transferase values were determined. Detomidine induced deep sedation, complete analgesia, and significant ataxia. Pulse and respiratory rates were decreased from the base line values, although rectal temperature was within the baseline value. The alterations in hematological and hematobiochemical parameters were mild and transient.     

驴 SCD1基因克隆及组织表达规律研究

旨在克隆驴硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶（Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, SCD1）基因并进行生物信息学分析、检测其在驴不同组织中的表达。设计 SCD1基因引物,PCR克隆得到其CDS序列,然后对 SCD1基因编码产物进行生物信息学预测,同时使用qRT- PCR检测驴心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肌肉、脂肪、乳腺内 SCD1基因mRNA相对表达量。结果显示,驴 SCD1基因CDS长1 080 bp,可编码359个氨基酸,SCD1蛋白质分子质量为41.61 ku,等电点为9.32,不稳定指数为44.16,疏水性总平均值为-0.157,属于不稳定碱性亲水蛋白;SCD1蛋白二级结构主要由α-螺旋（51.25%）和无规则卷曲（42.62%）构成。 SCD1基因在所检测驴组织中均有表达,其中在肝脏中表达量最高,脂肪、乳腺和肺脏中次之,心脏和肌肉中最低（P<0.05）,提示 SCD1在驴肝脏、脂肪和乳腺等组织不饱和脂肪酸的合成过程中发挥重要作用。