长白山区松口蘑的生态习性及驯化栽培

松口蘑是珍稀濒危的食用、药用真菌．该菌生态习性特殊,目前仍处于野生或半人工栽培状况．长白山区松口蘑发生地的植被结构简单,土壤呈酸性,养分含量低,松口蘑的发生量与气温和降水关系密切．松口蘑的半人工栽培理论和实践揭示了松口蘑的适应性和驯化潜能,进行人工栽培应以松口蘑纯培养菌种制作为突破口,通过改善栽培条件和利用有益微生物来扩大松口蘑菌种的适应性和变异性,挖掘驯化潜能,增强松口蘑菌种与赤松幼根的结合力,造就人工菌根,进而实现应用纯培养菌种林地栽培松口蘑     

云南省洱海流域国内游客生态意识调查研究

生态文明意识是社会意识形态的形式之一,是人们关于保护大自然和维护生态安全的进步思想观念。游客作为旅游活动的主体,其行为与意识都与旅游地生态保护息息相关。以大理洱海流域为个案,调查国内旅游者生态意识的基本情况。利用EXCEL进行数据录入,利用平均数、平均方差等定量法进行分析。主要结论为:洱海流域国内游客生态意识普遍较高,生态意识与旅游行为吻合度较高,而生态意识的高低受多种因素影响。基于上述调研结论,提出有助于洱海流域旅游者生态意识形成的相关建议。     

发达国家(地区)垃圾分类惩戒制度分析及对我国的启示

针对我国垃圾分类工作中存在的公众垃圾分类意识不足、分类投放参与率低、垃圾分类质量不高、垃圾分类收运处置体系不完善等问题难以突破的现状,从促进垃圾分类的惩戒制度入手,研究了日本、韩国和我国台湾地区在促进垃圾分类方面设置的惩戒措施,对比分析我国生活垃圾管理办法相关规定,为我国城市生活垃圾管理立法中强制措施的设置提出了意见和建议。     

生活污水对白骨壤和红海榄叶片指标及结构的影响

为了探讨2种红树植物叶片对生活污水环境的适应性,采用石蜡切片法和显微拍照法观察了白骨壤和红海榄2种红树植物的叶片结构。结果表明：污染区的白骨壤叶片的上角质层厚度、表皮层厚度、上内皮层厚度等均比无污染区的白骨壤大,而污染区的红海榄叶片则在下角质层厚度、上表皮层厚度、下内皮层厚度等指标上比污染区的红海榄显著增大,表明生活污水对红树植物的生长有一定的影响。     

长期饲喂高精料日粮对泌乳期山羊血液生化参数及组织中糖代谢相关基因表达的影响

为了研究长期饲喂高精料日粮对泌乳期山羊血液生化指标和糖代谢的影响,选择8只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康经产泌乳中期山羊,分别饲喂精粗比为40∶60 (low concentrate, LC,n=4) 和60∶40 (high concentrate, HC,n=4)的日粮。实验期共8周,实验期间采集瘤胃液,血液;实验结束时采集肝脏,肌肉,脂肪组织置于液氮速冻后于-70℃保存待测。结果显示,饲喂高精料日粮2周后山羊瘤胃液pH显著降低,采食后瘤胃液pH持续低于5.8超过3 h,8周后瘤胃液pH升高维持在6.0以上,但仍低于LC组山羊。与LC组山羊相比较,HC组山羊血液中葡萄糖、游离脂肪酸含量均升高(P<0.05,P=0.071),谷草转氨酶含量有上升的趋势(0.05相似文献   

青蒿素对山羊瘤胃发酵和微生物氮素微循环的影响

【目的】青蒿素是天然青蒿属植物的提取物,它很早就在中国传统中药中被用作抗疟疾、抗肿瘤和驱虫等药物。为探讨青蒿素对反刍动物瘤胃发酵、瘤胃内环境及其瘤胃微生物蛋白质循环的影响,确定青蒿素的对瘤胃发酵调控的效果和适宜添加量,为青蒿素作为一种新的瘤胃调控剂在反刍动物生产中应用提供依据。【方法】采用4只带有瘤胃瘘管的徐淮白山羊为试验动物,饲喂以玉米、豆粕和羊草为主组成的基础日粮,在基础日粮中分别添加占日粮干物质0,0.2%,0.4%和0.6%的青蒿素,进行4×4拉丁方设计试验,研究对山羊瘤胃发酵参数、瘤胃微生物种群变化;采用DTAF荧光染料标记细菌（FLB）的一种新方法测定瘤胃原虫吞噬细菌速率和吞噬量的影响。【结果】山羊瘤胃液中pH值平均值的范围在6.85-7.16,在瘤胃的正常范围内;青蒿素能够降低NH₃-N浓度,其中0.4%和0.6%两个处理组的瘤胃液中NH₃-N浓度与对照组差异显著。青蒿素能够提高乙酸、丙酸及、总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）的摩尔浓度及丙酸的摩尔浓度百分比,能降低乙酸/丙酸比,各添加组的乙酸/丙酸比显著或极显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);随着青蒿素添加量的增加,细菌蛋白产量增加,其中,以0.6%添加组最高,与对照组差异极显著(P＜0.01);0.4%和0.6%添加组的原虫蛋白产量极显著低于对照组(P＜0.01);青蒿素对瘤胃液肽浓度的均值没有显著影响。同时,添加青蒿素后,瘤胃中细菌总数增加而原虫总数减少,使瘤胃原虫种属结构变化。添加青蒿素能显著影响原虫对细菌的吞噬速率,对照组和添加0.2%,0.4%和0.6%青蒿素处理组的吞噬速率分别为：320.11cells/（cell h）、313.94cells/（cell h）、305.00cells/（cell h）、278.14cells/（cell h）。【结论】添加青蒿素能显著影响瘤胃发酵类型,具有降低瘤胃中氨态氮浓度的趋势;同时可显著降低瘤胃中原虫密度,增加了细菌密度,改变瘤胃中原虫的种属构成比例;使瘤胃内毛虫比例显著降低,使双毛虫和等毛虫比例显著提高。添加0.6%青蒿素能显著降低山羊瘤胃内菌体蛋白的微循环,使山羊瘤胃原虫吞噬速率和微生物氮循环量减少而提高饲料蛋白质的潜在利用效率。     

阿尔巴斯白绒山羊胚胎移植技术推广研究与应用

通过对阿尔巴斯白绒山羊供体选择、同期发情、超数排卵、手术采卵、受体羊同期发情处理、手术移植等技术应用,探索了规模化阿尔巴斯白绒山羊胚胎移植技术的组装配套,以加快胚胎移植在养羊业生产中的推广与应用.总结了供体羊选择标准、供体羊同期发情海绵栓法应用经验.供体发情率达100%、利用率为98.33%、输卵管法平均回收胚胎13.9枚、平均可用胚胎10.2枚:受体发情率81.66%、鲜胚移植受胎率77.92%、产羔率105.78%、繁殖率79.28%.结果表明,使用配套技术进行绒山羊胚胎移植较适合目前养羊业种羊改良的生产实际,技术较成熟、稳定,可在农村牧区广泛推广应用.     

Post-vaccination antibodies profile against Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus in sheep and goats of Punjab,Pakistan

A total of 70 sheep and 330 goats were selected randomly. All the animals were kept under same housing and management conditions. Serum samples were collected from all the animals and tested for the presence of antibodies against Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus using competitive ELISA (cELISA). All the animals were found negative showing percentage inhibition (PI) values <50. The animals were vaccinated against PPR with Nig/75/1 strain vaccine of PPR Serum samples were collected from randomly selected 12 sheep and 30 goats at 10, 30 and 45 days post-vaccination. The samples were subjected to cELISA to determine the presence of antibodies against PPRV. The samples with PI >50 were considered as sero-positive. The sheep found positive at 10, 30 and 45 days post-vaccination were 1(8.3%), 7(58.3%) and 12(100%) respectively. In case of goats 3(10.0%), 29(96.6%) and 27(90.0%) animals gave positive results at 10, 30 and 45 days post-vaccination respectively. Mean PI values in sheep at 10, 30 and 45 days post-vaccination were recorded as 37, 65 and 91 respectively, whereas in goats these values were 43, 78 and 86 respectively.     

Infection, immunity and the neuroendocrine response

The Central Nervous (CNS) and Immune Systems (IS) are the two major adaptive systems which respond rapidly to numerous challenges that are able to compromise health. The defensive response strictly linking innate to acquired immunity, works continuously to limit pathogen invasion and damage. The efficiency of the innate response is crucial for survival and for an optimum priming of acquired immunity. During infection, the immune response is modulated by an integrated neuro-immune network which potentiates innate immunity, controls potential harmful effects and also addresses metabolic and nutritional modifications supporting immune function. In the last decade much knowledge has been gained on the molecular signals that orchestrate this integrated adaptive response, with focus on the systemic mediators which have a crucial role in driving and controlling an efficient protective response. These mediators are also able to signal alterations and control pathway dysfunctions which may be involved in the persistence and/or overexpression of inflammation that may lead to tissue damage and to a negative metabolic impact, causing retarded growth.This review aims to describe some important signalling pathways which drive bidirectional communication between the Immune and Nervous Systems during infection. Particular emphasis is placed on pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunomodulator hormones such as Glucocorticoids (GCs), Growth hormone (GH), Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), and Leptin, as well as nutritional factors such as Zinc (Zn).Finally, the review includes up-to-date information on this neuroimmune cross-talk in domestic animals. Data in domestic animal species are still limited, but there are several exciting areas of research, like the potential interaction pathways between mediators (i.e. cytokine-HPA regulation, IL-6-GCS-Zn, cytokines-GH/IGF-1, IL-6-GH-Leptin and thymus activity) that are or could be promising topics of future research in veterinary medicine.     

The expression pattern of TIR8 is conserved among vertebrates

IL-1R/TLRs play an important role in the inflammatory responses. Their signaling pathway is tightly regulated to keep inflammation under control. The regulation involves both extracellular and intracellular mechanisms. TIR8, also known as SIGIRR (Single Immunoglobulin IL-1R-Related molecule), is an orphan receptor belonging to the IL-1R/TLRs super-family. Recent studies suggest its role in modulating the inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal tract in mice, acting as an IL-1 receptor family antagonist. We identified the sequence and analyzed the expression of TIR8 in a wide panel of organs and tissues in different animals. There was high homology of the cDNA sequence among human, mouse and the domestic species (74–85%). The pattern of expression of this receptor was similar in all the species examined (high levels in kidney and gastrointestinal tract) and similar to the human. These results demonstrate that TIR8 is conserved, in evolutionary terms, both with regard to sequence and pattern of expression, a finding consistent with a key function of this molecule in modulating inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract.