日粮中鱼蛋白水解物对黄颡鱼生长、体成分和血清生理指标的影响

为了探讨鱼蛋白水解物对黄颡鱼生产性能的影响,以日本鳀粉为对照,以实用型黄颡鱼饲料配方模式为基础开展实验:1以30.5%鱼粉为对照(FM),在相同配方模式下,以6%鱼蛋白水解物(MPH6)替代20%的鱼粉;2以30.5%鱼粉为对照(FM),在无鱼粉日粮中分别添加3%(FPH3)、6%(FPH6)、12%(FPH12)鱼蛋白水解物;共设计5组等氮等能实验日粮,在池塘网箱中养殖黄颡鱼[初始体质量(30.08±0.35)g]60 d。结果显示:与FM相比,FPH12在SGR、FCR、PRR和FRR方面均无显著差异,而MPH6、FPH3、FPH6组SGR降低了15.45%~24.39%,FCR升高了32.14%~42.86%,MPH6、FPH6差异显著,在PRR和FRR方面,MPH6、FPH3、FPH6组PRR降低了21.11%~27.78%,MPH6组FRR降低了41.51%;全鱼水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分各组间差异不显著,FPH3、FPH6、FPH12肌肉多种游离氨基酸水平显著高于FM,其中Thr、Val、His与其在日粮中的水平显著相关;FPH6组HSI显著低于FM,鱼蛋白水解物对CP、VSI、肠体比的影响不显著;血清AST、ALT、HDL、LDL、TP、CHOL、TG无显著差异,FPH3组ALB显著低于FM。研究表明:黄颡鱼日粮中,12%鱼蛋白水解物(干物质)与30.5%鱼粉在生长速度、饲料效率、血清生理指标等方面具有一定的等效性;过高的植物蛋白日粮影响了黄颡鱼的生产性能;饲喂鱼蛋白水解物日粮使黄颡鱼肌肉游离氨基酸的含量升高,特别是呈味氨基酸的含量增加。     

Soybean meal alters autochthonous microbial populations, microvilli morphology and compromises intestinal enterocyte integrity of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Rainbow trout were fed either a diet containing fishmeal (FM) as the crude protein source or a diet containing 50% replacement with soybean meal (SBM) for 16 weeks. An enteritis-like effect was observed in the SBM group; villi, enterocytes and microvilli were noticeably damaged compared with the FM group. The posterior intestine microvilli of SBM-fed fish were significantly shorter and the anterior intestine microvilli significantly less dense than the FM-fed fish. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of autochthonous bacterial populations associated with microvilli of both fish groups. Reduced density of microvilli consequently led to increased exposure of enterocyte tight junctions, which combined with necrotic enterocytes is likely to diminish the protective barrier of the intestinal epithelium. No significant differences in total viable counts of culturable microbial populations were found between the groups in any of the intestinal regions. A total of 1500 isolates were tentatively placed into groups or genera, according to standard methods. Subsequent partial 16S rRNA sequencing revealed species that have not been identified from the rainbow trout intestine previously. Compared with the FM group levels of Psychrobacter spp. and yeast were considerably higher in the SBM group; a reduction of Aeromonas spp. was also observed.     

Using Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal as replacement for fish meal in the diet of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides,Hamilton)

The potential of Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal (FSBM) as a partial alternative component of fish meal (FM) in fed diets of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) was evaluated in this study. An FM‐based diet and seven diets containing 10%, 20% and 30% and 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of FM replaced by soybean meal (SBM) and FSBM, respectively, were fed to grouper for 84 days to evaluate possible substitution levels of FM by tracking growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and morphological changes in the liver and distal intestine. No significant differences in survival and muscle composition of grouper were found between controls and treatments. Growth performance and feed efficiency of fish fed diets with FM replaced by FSBM up to 30% were not significantly different from controls, whereas significantly decreased growth performance and feed efficiency occurred with diets containing >20% of SBM. Based on the feed efficiency, the maximum substituted levels of FM by SBM and FSBM in grouper diets were 18.36% and 29.32%, respectively, based on broken‐line analyses. Histopathological changes in the liver and distal intestine, and significantly lower activity levels of digestive enzymes, including pepsin in the stomach and trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase in the distal intestine, were found in fish fed a diet containing 30% of FM replaced by SBM. However, these parameters were improved by the substitution of FSBM. It is therefore believed that FSBM has great potential to be used as a protein source in grouper diets in partial replacement of FM.     

南海灯笼鱼加工优质鱼粉的关键工艺研究

以南海优势鱼种灯笼鱼(Myctophum)为原料,对生产优质鱼粉的关键工艺脱腥、蒸煮温度、蒸煮时间、蒸煮p H、干燥温度进行了研究,并测定了产品品质指标。结果表明,灯笼鱼生产优质鱼粉的最佳工艺参数为脱腥液脱腥60 min,蒸煮温度95℃,蒸煮时间10 min,蒸煮p H 6.0,干燥温度80℃。在此条件下得到的灯笼鱼鱼粉中各组分的质量分数为粗蛋白61.92%,粗脂肪9.07%,水分9.32%,盐分2.59%,粗灰分17.45%,鱼粉的胃蛋白酶消化率为86.82%。     

玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对暗纹东方鲀溶菌酶活性及c型溶菌酶mRNA表达的影响

以初重为(41.26±1.09)g的暗纹东方鲀为实验鱼,配制5种玉米蛋白粉使用量为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%的实验饲料,玉米蛋白粉对饲料中鱼粉的替代水平分别为0%、7.4%、14.8%、22.2%和29.6%。用实验饲料饲养暗纹东方鲀60d,研究玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对暗纹东方鲀肝胰脏、头肾和脾脏组织的溶菌酶活性及其c-型溶菌酶mRNA相对表达量的影响。结果表明,(1)暗纹东方鲀肝胰脏、头肾和脾脏的溶菌酶比活力分别为9.14、42.12和40.49U/mgprot,头肾和脾脏组织中c-型溶菌酶mRNA相对表达量分别是肝胰脏的3.76和3.24倍。(2)玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉显著影响暗纹东方鲀溶菌酶比活力。5%和10%组的肝胰脏和头肾组织溶菌酶比活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而15%和20%组肝胰脏和头肾组织溶菌酶比活力则显著低于对照组(P<0.05);5%和10%组的脾脏组织溶菌酶活力与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05),而15%和20%组显著低于对照组和5%组(P<0.05)。(3)玉米蛋白粉对暗纹东方鲀c型溶菌酶基因mRNA相对表达量有显著影响(P<0.05)。肝胰脏组织中5%和10%组表达量显著高...     

氩弧熔覆原位合成Ni基耐磨层在犁铧上的应用

利用氩弧熔覆技术,在廉价的碳钢表面原位合成了TiC/Ni基复合材料涂层。结果表明,熔覆层成形良好,与基体呈冶金结合,无裂纹、气孔等缺陷;熔覆层的组织为γ-Ni奥氏体枝晶、CrB、TiB₂、M₂₃C₆及原位合成的弥散分布于熔覆层中的球状TiC陶瓷颗粒。熔覆层显微硬度高达HV_0.21000,且呈梯度分布。磨损试验表明,熔覆层具有较好的耐磨性。模拟田间试验表明,熔覆层可用于农机耐磨件的制造与再制造并具有较好的经济效益。     

Ce对UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗光合作用影响:Ⅱ对光合量子效率与羧化效率的影响

用水培法研究了Ce(Ⅲ)对紫外辐射(UV-B,280￣320nm)胁迫下油菜幼苗光合量子效率与羧化效率变化对光合作用的影响。结果表明,20mg·L-1CeCl3能有效减缓紫外辐射(T1/0.15W·m-2和T2/0.45W·m-2)胁迫所导致饱和光光合速率(Ps)、饱和CO2光合速率(Pm)、表观量子效率(AQY)与羧化效率(CE)的降低,使得Ce UV-B组各项指标虽低于CK,但明显优于UV-B组。动态曲线显示,Ce减缓了UV-B胁迫期各项指标的下降趋势,加快恢复期的上升速度,且最终达到较好的恢复效果。通过对AQY、CE与Pn的相关统计学分析发现,低剂量UV-B辐射胁迫下Ce对AQY调节对改善光合功能的作用大于CE。高剂量下则是CE的变化起主要作用。     

Ce对UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗光合作用影响:Ⅰ对光合色素与希尔反应活性的影响

用水培法研究Ce(Ⅲ)对紫外辐射(UV-B,280￣320nm)胁迫下油菜幼苗光合色素含量与希尔反应活性变化对光合作用的影响。静态数据表明,20mg·L-1CeCl3能有效减缓紫外辐射(T1/0.15W·m-2和T2/0.45W·m-2)胁迫所导致的光合速率下降,叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量减少及Hill反应活性降低,使得Ce UV-B组各项指标虽低于CK,但明显优于UV-B组。动态曲线显示,Ce减缓了UV-B胁迫期各项指标的下降趋势,加快恢复期的上升速度,且最终达到较好的恢复效果。通过对Chl含量、Hill反应活性与Pn的相关统计学分析发现,Ce对UV-B辐射胁迫下Hill反应活性和叶绿素含量的调节具有改善光合功能的作用,且对Hill反应活性的调节作用大于叶绿素含量。     

甜玉米/鲜食大豆间作对根际固氮细菌和丛枝菌根真菌的影响

为探索甜玉米/鲜食大豆间作系统地下交互作用,利用MiSeq高通量微生物测序技术,研究间作2∶2和2∶3种植模式下(Ⅰm2s2、Ⅱm2s3)土壤氮磷代谢关键菌群固氮细菌和丛枝菌根真菌的组成和变化与甜玉米产量的关系。结果发现,间作处理显著降低Proteobacteria_unclassified的相对丰度,显著提高Aztobacter,Rhizobiales_unclassified和Bradyrhizobium的相对丰度。间作处理未改变丛枝菌根真菌群落多样性指数(Shannon指数),显著提高丛枝菌根真菌群落丰度指数(Chao指数),提高Glomeromycota相对丰度。间作处理对固氮细菌和丛枝菌根真菌的优化有利于增强地下根系与菌群的共生交互,显著增加土壤中碱解氮和有效磷的含量,提高甜玉米产量。Ⅱm2s3间作处理模式优于Ⅰm2s2间作处理。     

袋栽香菇生长期间不同料层中木质纤维素的降解及有关酶活性的变化

本文研究了香菇生长过程菌袋中不同料层木质纤维素的降解及有关酶活性的变化。结果表明,在栽培结束时,菌袋中不同料层木质纤维素含量的差异不大;在整个栽培过程中,菌袋中不同料层羧甲基纤维素酶,半纤维素酶和漆酶活性的变化大致相同。就菌袋中不同料层木质纤维素的降解和利用而言,菌袋的中层和下层与上层相似。