SHORT COMMUNICATION: Neutrophil oxidative metabolism and haemogram of sheep experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus and supplemented with selenium and vitamin E

The objective of this study was to evaluate neutrophil oxidative metabolism and haemogram in sheep experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus and supplemented with selenium and vitamin E. Twenty male Corriedale sheep were utilised and distributed into four experimental groups each with five animals infected with larvae: G1‐ supplemented with sodium selenite, 0.2 mg/kg body weight (bw) given intramuscularly (IM); G2‐ supplemented with sodium selenite and vitamin E, 0.2 mg/kg bw and 2000 IU per animal, respectively, both IM; G3‐ supplemented with vitamin E, 2000 IU per animal IM; G4‐ not supplemented. A haemogram and the number of parasite eggs were determined in samples of blood and faeces, respectively, on days zero (T0), 20 (T1), 40 (T2) and 60 (T3) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) assays were performed on heparinized blood samples taken on days zero, 30 and 60. A lower total leucocyte count was detected in G1 in relation to G4 at T4. Lymphocytes were reduced in G1 in relation to G3 and G4 at T3. In both non‐stimulated (NBT‐NS) and stimulated (NBT‐S) dye reduction assays, there was reduced activity at 60 days, in relation to other times in the groups treated with selenium (G1 and G2). On the basis of results obtained, we conclude that supplementation with selenium provides better antioxidant protection to neutrophils.     

补充母源性有机硒与蛋氨酸对后代仔鸡腿肉过热味的影响

通过测定后代仔鸡腿肉冷藏期间过热味发生的氧化产物含量变化,探讨母源性有机硒和蛋氨酸补充对后代仔鸡腿肉过热味产生的影响。选用450只52周龄狼山种母鸡随机分成9个处理组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只鸡,分别在玉米-豆粕型基础日粮中添加不同水平的有机硒和蛋氨酸。各处理组有机硒(0.1%)的水平为0.13,0.43和0.73mg/kg,DL-蛋氨酸(99%)的水平为0.32,0.40和0.54mg/kg。饲喂后收集种蛋孵化。每处理组挑选160只健康雏鸡,随机分成5个重复,饲喂相同日粮。13周龄时,从每个重复随机挑选2只仔母鸡,屠宰,取样,测定指示过热味发生的氧化产物含量的变化。研究发现:在过热味发展初期(6h)母源性有机硒和蛋氨酸对总醛、己醛、1-戊醇、2,3-辛二酮和2-戊基-呋喃的含量影响显著,存在互作效应(P0.05);对过热味发展后期(3d)挥发性氧化产物的含量影响不显著。高硒高蛋氨酸组与低硒低蛋氨酸组总醛、己醛和1-戊醇的含量最低,而2,3-辛二酮与2-戊基呋喃的含量最高;两组间各物质含量差异不显著。冷藏时间对各种挥发性氧化产物的含量均有极显著影响(P0.01)。因此,在种母鸡日粮中添加硒和蛋氨酸可防止13周龄仔鸡腿肉过热味的产生。     

钙肥在苹果生产中应用技术研究进展

综述了有关苹果园钙素盈亏判断、补钙时期、钙肥种类和补钙方法等方面的研究,以期为苹果钙肥的合理施用提供参考。     

补饲非蛋白氮补充料对放牧牛群生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究补饲非蛋白氮（NPN）补充料对放牧牛群生产性能的影响。试验在春末夏初放牧前,选择30头9~10月龄、体重150~170 kg的中国西门塔尔太行类群小公牛,分为对照组、试验1组和试验2组,进行放牧加补饲试验。试验1组日补饲玉米粉1.0 kg;试验2组在试验1组的基础上增补NPN补充料0.25 kg。进行了为期100 d的放牧补饲效果试验。结果表明,对照组、试验1组、试验2组日增重分别为0.622、0.839和1.051 kg。试验1组比对照组日增重提高217 g;试验2组比对照组和试验1组日增重分别提高429和212 g。3组间增重差异显著。因此,北方山坡草地放牧牛群补饲少量精料效果明显,同时,补喂少量NPN补充料经济效益更为显著。     

竹笋膳食纤维的研究与应用

膳食纤维作为"第七类营养素"对人们饮食健康起到越来越重要的作用。该文从竹笋资源的价值及利用趋势出发,对竹笋膳食纤维的用途和食品开发状况进行了阐述。通过对竹笋膳食纤维提取和改良方法的总结分析,提出了今后竹笋膳食纤维研究的发展方向。     

豆渣膳食纤维脱色工艺优化及其物化特性

为获得豆渣膳食纤维脱色的最适工艺参数,以pH、H₂O₂体积分数、温度、时间为试验因子,以膳食纤维的白度值为响应值,采用Box Behnken试验设计进行试验,并对产品的微观结构和物化特性进行分析。结果表明,4个因素对豆渣膳食纤维白度值的影响为H₂O₂体积分数＞pH＞时间＞温度。豆渣膳食纤维的最适脱色条件为pH 10.4、H₂O₂体积分数5.5 %、温度50 ℃、时间5.7 h。在此条件下,豆渣膳食纤维白度的预测值为91.99,验证试验所得膳食纤维的白度值为92.16。回归方程的预测值和试验值差异不显著,所得回归模型拟合情况良好。电镜观察结果表明,膳食纤维脱色后,其颗粒变小,表面出现蜂窝状结构。脱色后膳食纤维的持水力由8.15 g/g增加到9.37 g/g,膨胀力由7.53 mL/g增加到8.28 mL/g,物化特性得到显著改善。     

Flavonoids in Food and Their Health Benefits

There has been increasing interest in the research of flavonoids from dietary sources, due to growing evidence of the versatile health benefits of flavonoids through epidemiological studies. As occurrence of flavonoids is directly associated with human daily dietary intake of antioxidants, it is important to evaluate flavonoid sources in food. Fruits and vegetables are the main dietary sources of flavonoids for humans, along with tea and wine. However, there is still difficulty in accurately measuring the daily intake of flavonoids because of the complexity of existence of flavonoids from various food sources, the diversity of dietary culture, and the occurrence of a large amount of flavonoids itself in nature. Nevertheless, research on the health aspects of flavonoids for humans is expanding rapidly. Many flavonoids are shown to have antioxidative activity, free-radical scavenging capacity, coronary heart disease prevention, and anticancer activity, while some flavonoids exhibit potential for anti–human immunodeficiency virus functions. As such research progresses, further achievements will undoubtedly lead to a new era of flavonoids in either foods or pharmaceutical supplements. Accordingly, an appropriate model for a precise assessment of intake of flavonoids needs to be developed.Most recent research has focused on the health aspects of flavonoids from food sources for humans. This paper reviews the current advances in flavonoids in food, with emphasis on health aspects on the basis of the published literature, which may provide some guidance for researchers in further investigations and for industries in developing practical health agents.     

超声辅助提取大豆膳食纤维及产品物性研究

【摘要】为研究超声辅助提取对大豆膳食纤维提取效率及物性的影响,以超声波进行辅助,并进行工艺优化和产品物性分析。在液料比,超声功率强度,超声温度和超声时间4个单因素试验的基础上,通过四元二次通用旋转组合设计试验优化超声辅助提取豆渣中大豆膳食纤维的工艺条件,并采用扫描电镜、红外光谱仪等对大豆膳食纤维产品进行了物性表征。试验结果表明,在液料比35ml/g,超声功率强度600W/g,超声温度50 ℃,间歇性超声处理累计时间50 min条件下大豆膳食纤维得率最高,达92.11%。物性分析结果表明,与酸溶碱沉提取、酶解辅助提取的大豆膳食纤维相比,超声辅助提取的大豆膳食纤维具有更高的持水力、溶胀力、结合水力和结合脂肪能力以及更丰富的空间网状结构;同时,超声处理增加了膳食纤维的游离羟基,但未改变其热降解机理。试验结果显示,超声辅助提取不仅能够提高大豆膳食纤维的提取率,而且对其加工性能有很好的改进作用。     

Carcass traits and meat quality of Texel lambs raised in Brachiaria pasture and feedlot systems

Our hypothesis suggests an improvement in carcass and meat quality of pasture‐finished animals by introducing concentrate feed into diets. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of protein‐energy supplementation on carcass and meat characteristics of Texel lambs raised on Brachiaria pastures, and compare the results with those obtained from confined animals. Thirty 2‐month‐old intact lambs were divided into five treatments: pasture with mineral supplementation, pasture containing daily supplies of 0.8, 1.6, and 2.4% BW protein‐energy supplementation, and confinement (reference treatment). All animals were slaughtered 104 days after the beginning of the experiment. Lambs submitted to 1.6% and 2.4% BW supplementation presented similar characteristics to animals kept in confinement and were superior to animals treated with 0 or 0.8% of BW supplementation levels (p < .05). Increases of subcutaneous fat thickness were verified for 0.0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4% BW, and confinement treatments, being respectively of 0.25, 0.74, 1.61, 1.69, and 1.98. Conversely, treatments had no influence on meat physical‐chemical characteristics, being all considered moderately soft, juicy (tender), and with mild tastes and odors. Lambs raised on Brachiaria pastures have high‐quality meat, but more protein‐energy supplementation is needed to be an alternative for the feedlots for young animals.     

Accuracy of oxygen delivery through bubble humidifiers and nasal catheters

ObjectiveTo evaluate the equipment used for nasal insufflation of oxygen and determine its accuracy.Study designOriginal study.MethodsOxygen delivery assemblies consisting of a flowmeter, bubble humidifier, oxygen delivery tubing and nasal insufflation catheters were assembled. Single and double catheter assemblies were made for four sizes of nasogastric feeding tubes (3.5 Fr, 5.0 Fr, 8.0 Fr and 10.0 Fr) resulting in 64 individual assemblies. A gas flow analyzer measured oxygen flow at the tip of the nasal catheter assemblies and from the pressure relief valve (PRV) of the bubble humidifiers. Statistical analyses were conducted to assess the functionality of assemblies. For functional assemblies, the accuracy of oxygen flow relative to the prescribed flow settings was determined.ResultsCatheter size was significantly associated with the functionality of assemblies. Probability (95% confidence interval) of 3.5 Fr, 5.0 Fr and 8.0 Fr assemblies being functional was estimated at 0.53 (0.14, 0.89), 0.83 (0.36, 0.98) and 0.98 (0.76, 0.99), respectively. All 10.0 Fr assemblies were functional. Functional assemblies, in general, consistently under-delivered the prescribed flow because a large portion of set flow was diverted through the bubble humidifier PRV.ConclusionsLeaks through the PRV cause significant diversion of oxygen prior to it reaching the catheter tips. Smaller patients are particularly susceptible, as small catheters limit oxygen delivery creating proportionally greater leaks through the PRV.Clinical relevanceIt was not possible to accurately deliver oxygen because of leaks through the PRV. Targeting a specific outcome (e.g., oxyhemoglobin saturation > 94%, PaO₂ 80–120 mmHg; 11–16 kPa) and avoiding unnecessarily high fractions of inspired oxygen cannot be done if flow delivery cannot be accurately assured. One possible solution would be to use a bubble humidifier with a 6 psi PRV that does not leak prior to reaching the opening pressure.