光照强度和氮营养盐浓度对龙须菜生理代谢的影响

以龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)为材料,以无机氮(NO_3~-︰NH_4~+=2︰1)为氮源配制人工海水,将在低光低氮(L-N-)条件下培养的龙须菜部分给予高光照处理(L+N-),同时另一部分在给予高光照的同时给予更充足的氮源(L+N+),通过测定3种不同处理条件下物质积累、光合色素以及碳氮代谢中的关键酶等多种生理指标,探讨光照强弱与氮源多寡对龙须菜生理代谢的影响。结果表明,在低氮培养时,高光可使藻体可溶性蛋白、含水率、藻红蛋白和叶绿素a的含量下降,而可溶性糖含量上升13.67%;高光培养时,高氮使可溶性蛋白、含水率、藻红蛋白和叶绿素a的含量上升,而可溶性糖含量下降16.3%;相对于低光低氮(L-N-),高光高氮(L+N+)条件培养使藻体中可溶性蛋白和藻红蛋白含量增加,其含水率、叶绿素a和可溶性糖含量并无显著性差异(P0.05)。从上述结果可以看出,补充氮源能够在一定程度上消除高光照对藻体产生的影响,保证藻体基本生理状态不发生变化的情况下积累蛋白(氮源)。同时补充氮源使得谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酶(SBPase)的表达均下调,也反映了光合作用所产生的三碳化合物在氮源充足的条件下主要流向了氮循环。而高光照并未对碳氮代谢关键酶的表达产生影响,可能通过直接破坏叶绿素a而影响藻体的光合作用。     

复合酶提取法对浒苔(Enteromorpha sp.)膳食纤维吸附能力的影响

针对丰富的浒苔资源还未得到有效利用的现状,以浒苔为原料,采用复合酶提取法制备浒苔膳食纤维。浒苔在55℃、pH=7.7的条件下,由不同比例的蛋白酶和纤维素酶(5:1、10:1、15:1、20:1和25:1)配制的复合酶进行酶解,提取膳食纤维,测定不同提取条件得到的浒苔膳食纤维在模拟体内的环境下(pH=2.0和pH=7.0)吸附葡萄糖、胆固醇和亚硝酸盐的能力。结果显示,随着复合酶中蛋白酶比例的升高,膳食纤维对葡萄糖和胆固醇的吸附能力先增强后减弱。在蛋白酶∶纤维素酶的比例为10:1时,膳食纤维对葡萄糖的最大吸附值为20.03 mg/g;在蛋白酶∶纤维素酶比例为15:1时,膳食纤维对胆固醇的最大吸附值为21.93 mg/g。而浒苔膳食纤维吸附亚硝酸的能力则随着复合酶中蛋白酶比例的升高而逐渐增强,在蛋白酶∶纤维素酶比例为25:1时,浒苔膳食纤维对亚硝酸盐达到最大吸附值29.25 µmol/g。在人工肠液中(pH=7.0),膳食纤维对胆固醇的吸附能力较强;在人工胃液中(pH=2.0),膳食纤维对亚硝酸盐的吸附能力较强;膳食纤维对葡萄糖的吸附能力在人工肠、胃液中无显著差异(P>0.05)。推测膳食纤维对亚硝酸盐的吸附主要发生在胃部,对胆固醇的吸附主要发生在肠部,而膳食纤维对葡萄糖的吸附在胃部和肠部同时进行,是一个持续的吸附过程。     

Use of supplemental amino acids on the success of reducing dietary protein levels for Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of essential amino acids (EAA) supplementation on the success of dietary protein reduction for Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Five diets were formulated including a positive control (Diet 1, 378.4 g/kg protein), a negative control (Diet 5, 289.8 g/kg protein) and three test diets (Diet 2‐Diet 4, 340.4–299.0 g/kg protein supplemented with EAA). No significant decline of growth performance in fish fed decreased dietary protein with EAA supplementation, which were significantly higher than the negative control. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of protein and most EAAs were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Dietary treatments did not affect whole‐body composition, but influenced protein and EAAs retentions. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) excretion decreased with the decreasing dietary protein, and the highest plasma ammonia content was observed in fish fed Diet 5. Plasma glucose concentration increased with the decreasing dietary protein reduction, while other plasma parameters were not affected by dietary treatments. These results indicated that low‐protein diets (299.0 g/kg) supplemented with EAA can maintain protein, EAA digestibility and retention in Jian carp, and also has benefit in the reduction of TAN excretion.     

Effects of an Enterococcus faecium‐based probiotic on growth performance and health of Pirarucu,Arapaima gigas

Intensive fish farming has resulted in an increased concern for disease outbreaks. Probiotic use is one of the strategies being developed to improve fish health and productivity. Measures of probiotic colonization, growth performance, haematological characteristics and parasite load were used to evaluate the effect of diets supplemented with Enterococcus faecium on growth and health of Arapaima gigas juveniles. A completely randomized design with four treatments (diet with E. faecium at 1 × 10⁶ CFU/g and 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g, control diet and diet with the culture medium MRS) and three replicates was used. Ninety‐six Arapaima juveniles were distributed in 12 cages fed with the specified diet for 68 days. Colonization of the intestinal tract by lactic acid bacteria reduced the total number of heterotrophic bacteria in fish fed with probiotics compared to controls. Fish fed a supplemented diet containing 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g presented higher values of weight gain, survival and fish growth uniformity, and lower values of feed conversion ratio. The prevalence of Trichodina sp. could have affected the survival of fish in the control group. Reduction in parasite load and an increase in haematocrit, the number of erythrocytes, thrombocytes, neutrophils and monocytes were also observed in fish fed the diet containing 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g. Enterococcus faecium presented a probiotic effect in A. gigas juveniles and can be recommended for use at a concentration of 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g to modify the gut microbiota, improve growth performance and haematology and reduce parasitic load.     

Microsatellite pedigree analysis reveals high variance in reproductive success and reduced genetic diversity in hatchery-spawned northern abalone

The northern (or pinto) abalone, Haliotis kamtschatkana, is a broadcast-spawning marine gastropod that was recently listed as endangered in Canada. To aid in species recovery, a captive-breeding and supplementation program is underway in Barkley Sound, British Columbia. We genotyped first generation progeny for five microsatellite loci and used a pedigree reconstruction program (Pedigree 2.2) to identify their genealogical relationships in the absence of information on parental genotypes. We analyzed progeny from three separate group-spawning events and inferred considerable variation in the number of offspring produced by each parent; in the most severe case a single male sired all the progeny produced during one spawning event. After only one generation of captive-breeding we found a 55–60% reduction in allelic richness and a 17–18% reduction in heterozygosity relative to the diverse wild source population. This study illustrates the difficulty of managing genetic diversity in hatchery populations of a broadcast-spawning species, even when gametes are collected separately from each individual broodstock.     

Influence of Ulva meal on growth, feed utilization, and body composition of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at two levels of dietary lipid

A nutrition trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid levels and supplemental Ulva meal on growth performance, feed efficiency, nutrient utilization, and body composition of juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Four isonitrogenous (CP 40%) diets containing 0% and 5% Ulva meal were formulated to contain 10% (low-lipid; LL) and 20% (high-lipid; HL) crude lipid. Triplicate groups of fish (~10 g) were fed to apparent satiation three times daily for 16 weeks. Fish fed 5% Ulva meal showed an increased growth performance (P < 0.05) compared with fish fed non-Ulva supplemented diets, irrespective of dietary lipid level. In particular, the incorporation of Ulva meal improved specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Feeding fish 5% Ulva meal diets resulted in significantly lower carcass lipid content. The results indicate that 5% inclusion of Ulva meal at both dietary lipid levels improves growth performance, feed efficiency, nutrient utilization, and body composition of Nile tilapia.     

Improvement of flesh quality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed supranutritional dietary selenium yeast is associated with the inhibited muscle protein degradation

Supranutritional dietary selenium (Se) has been demonstrated beneficial for fish health, however, its effects on fish flesh quality remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of supranutritional dietary Se on the flesh quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their potential mechanism. Fish were fed a basal diet supplemented with or without graded Se yeast for 10 weeks. Results showed that Se supplementation significantly increased fillet crude protein and enhanced fillet water‐holding capacity as well as fillet firmness. Supplementing with both 2 and 4 mg/kg Se significantly downregulated the expressions of two autophagy–lysosome‐related genes (autophagy‐related 12‐like and gamma‐aminobutyric acid type A receptor‐associated protein‐like 1) in fish muscle, while supplementing with 4 mg/kg Se also significantly downregulated the expression of two ubiquitin–proteasome‐related genes (muscle RING finger 2 and F‐box protein 25). Correlation analysis indicated that the improved fillet quality parameters were closely correlated with the expressions of these differentially expressed genes. This study revealed that dietary Se was effective for the improvement of rainbow trout flesh quality, and the improved fish flesh quality was associated with the inhibited protein degradation in fish muscle.     

Performance and blood parameters when lambs and meat‐goat kids were finished on pasture with and without whole cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum) supplementation

We evaluated forage production patterns, weight gains and blood parameters when lambs (Ovis aries) and meat‐goat (Caprus hircus) kids were finished on a mixed sward of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) with (SUP) and without (UNSUP) supplemental whole cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum; WCS) in a replicated study. Botanical composition and energy/protein ratios of the sward varied with year and with time during the growing season. Swards had greater amounts of red clover relatively early and more cocksfoot later in the season. Suffolk (SX) lambs had the heaviest body weights, Katahdin (KA) lambs were intermediate, and meat‐goat (GX) kids were the lightest at the end of each year. Overall body weight gain followed a trend of SX > KA > GX, and WCS supplementation increased weight gain for all animals by 18%. Only in 2008 did SUP animals have higher blood urea nitrogen levels, which may indicate less efficient use of dietary nitrogen when grazing grass–legume pastures managed for high nutritive value compared with UNSUP animals. Gossypol in WCS did not affect blood packed cell volume between SUP and UNSUP lambs and meat‐goat kids. Suffolk lambs, Katahdin lambs and cross‐bred Boer meat‐goat kids finished on pasture with and without WCS supplementation produced desirable body weights for most ethnic markets in the USA.     

Suitability of tef varieties in mixed wheat flour bread matrices: A physico-chemical and nutritional approach

Wheat flour replacement from 0 to 40% by single tef flours from three Ethiopian varieties DZ-01-99 (brown grain tef), DZ-Cr-37 (white grain tef) and DZ-Cr-387 (Quncho, white grain tef) yielded a technologically viable ciabatta type composite bread with acceptable sensory properties and enhanced nutritional value, as compared to 100% refined wheat flour. Incorporation of tef flour from 30% to 40% imparted discreet negative effects in terms of decreased loaf volume and crumb resilience, and increase of crumb hardness in brown tef blended breads. Increment of crumb hardness on aging was in general much lower in tef blended breads compared to wheat bread counterparts, revealing slower firming kinetics, especially for brown tef blended breads. Blended breads with 40% white tef exhibited similar extent and variable rate of retrogradation kinetics along storage, while brown tef-blended breads retrograded slower but in higher extent than control wheat flour breads. Breads that contains 40% tef grain flour were found to contain five folds (DZ-01-99, DZ-Cr-387) to 10 folds (DZ-Cr-37) Fe, three folds Mn, twice Cu, Zn and Mg, and 1.5 times Ca, K, and P contents as compared to the contents found in 100% refined wheat grain flour breads. In addition, suitable dietary trends for lower rapidly digestible starch and starch digestion rate index were met from tef grain flour fortified breads.     

Superfine grinding improves functional properties and antioxidant capacities of bran dietary fibre from Qingke (hull-less barley) grown in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

The effect of particle size of hull-less barley (HLB) bran DF on antioxidant and physicochemical properties was investigated. HLB bran and extracted DF was ground by regular and superfine grinding, their particle sizes were determined using laser diffraction method. The results showed that superfine grinding could significantly pulverize DF particles to micro-scale; the particle size distribution was close to a Gaussian distribution. The soluble DF in HLB bran was increased effectively with superfine grinding. Insoluble DF with submicron scale showed increased total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). With particle size reduction, the water retention capacity (WRC), swelling capacity (SC), oil binding capacity (OBC), and nitrite ion absorption capacity (NIAC) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased and the water holding capacity (WHC) had no significant change. A kind of health beneficial DF with higher soluble DF content, WRC, SC, OBC, NIAC and antioxidant activity was obtained using superfine grinding.