Prespawn mortality in adult spring Chinook salmon outplanted above barrier dams

Keefer ML, Taylor GA, Garletts DF, Gauthier GA, Pierce TM, Caudill CC. Prespawn mortality in adult spring Chinook salmon outplanted above barrier dams.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 361–372. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Dams without fish passage facilities block access to much of the historic spawning habitat of spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Oregon’s Willamette River basin. Adult salmon are routinely outplanted above the dams to supplement natural production, but many die before spawning despite extensive suitable habitat. In 2004–2007, we examined prespawn mortality patterns using live detection and carcass recovery data for 242 radio‐tagged outplants. Total prespawn mortality was 48%, but variability was high, ranging from 0% to 93% for individual release groups. Prespawn mortality was strongly condition dependent, consistently higher for females than males and higher for early release groups. Across years, warm water temperature in the migration corridor and at the collection site was associated with sharply higher mortality. Results highlight a need for better evaluations of the effects of adult mortality on population reintroduction and recovery and relationships among prespawn mortality, dam‐related temperature change and salmon life history and behaviour.     

不同精料添加量对藏系绵羊的育肥效果

按对等原则将 24 只藏系羯羊(1.5 岁)分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三个处理组,分 150g/(只·d)、300g/(只·d)、450g/(只·d)三种精料添加水平,自由采食燕麦青干草,以研究不同精料添加量对藏羊生产性能的影响。试验结果表明,三组藏羊全期平均日增重分别为(74.38±19.10)、(156.70±25.23)、(169.33±34.45) g,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组极显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.01),而Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组间差异不显著(P>0.05);育肥后期各处理组日增重均呈现下降趋势。在本试验的日粮条件下,每天饲喂 300 g 精料时的饲料转化率最高。     

The political ecology of dietary transitions: Changing production and consumption patterns in the Kolli Hills,India

Using a case study from the Kolli Hills, India, I suggest that political ecology provides a useful theoretical basis for considering localized dietary transitions in rural, agricultural communities in developing countries. By examining the reasons for the near-disappearance of local minor millets as staple foods in three small-farmer communities, I argue that an explicit, actor-oriented analysis allows for an integration of food issues with considerations of environmental circumstances, local aspirations, and labor concerns. That is, an agricultural shift that abandons minor millets as a food resource reflects environmental changes and household economic aspirations. Such an analysis has implications for the creation of practical food security projects through the recognition and incorporation of small-farmer experiences, voices, and priorities. This research was undertaken through ethnographic fieldwork, using semi-structured interviews and participant observation as the primary methods. Elizabeth Finnis obtained her PhD from McMaster University in Canada and is currently a post-doctoral fellow in the Department of Anthropology and the Centre for Society, Technology, and Development at McGill University.     

小麦和土壤中环丙唑醇残留消解动态及膳食摄入评估

为评价环丙唑醇在小麦生产上应用的安全性,通过建立乙腈提取、氮磷检测器检测方法对小麦籽粒、植株和土壤样品中环丙唑醇的残留量进行检测,研究了小麦籽粒、植株和土壤中环丙唑醇的残留及其消解动态,并对小麦中的残留量进行风险评估。结果表明,环丙唑醇在小麦籽粒、植株及土壤空白样品中的添加回收率为79.2%~95.6%,相对标准偏差为1.9%~10.0%,最小检出量为8.2×10?12 g,在小麦籽粒、植株及土壤中的最低检测浓度均为0.05 mg·kg?1,乙腈提取、氮磷检测器检测方法重现性好,准确度、精密度高,可满足环丙唑醇在小麦上的残留分析要求。2010年和2011年,河南省、黑龙江省和江苏省3地环丙唑醇在小麦植株和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为3.0~5.5 d、18.1~34.5 d;不同施药次数、施药量及采样间隔,环丙唑醇在小麦籽粒中的最终残留量均≤0.415 mg·kg?1。采收间隔期为14 d和21 d时,不同施药次数、施药剂量和采收间隔期,环丙唑醇在小麦植株、小麦籽粒和土壤中的残留量差异均不显著;采收间隔期为7 d,有效成分108 g?hm-2施药2次与有效成分162 g?hm-2施药3次时小麦植株、小麦籽粒和土壤中的残留量之间均存在显著性差异。普通人群环丙唑醇的国家估算每日摄入量为0.000 109 9 mg,占日允许摄入量的0.5%左右,按本试验方式进行施药,通常不会对一般人群健康产生不可接受的风险。     

药食兼用植物水芹的研究现状

野生水芹是一类重要的药食兼用植物,在此通过综述水芹的化学成分、药理作用、食疗作用以及富集特性等一系列性质,为水芹在营养价值和药用价值方面的开发以及水芹用于重金属污染治理等方面提供重要理论依据和科学指导.     

秸秆氨化与精料添加对羔羊生产性能的影响

本文报道了小麦秸氨化与精料添加对羔羊生产性能影响的研究结果。麦秸氨化提高了羔羊日增重、秸秆与日粮进食量及精料转化效率,但其提高幅度随日粮精料添加量的提高而减小。提高日粮精料添加水平,羔羊日增重与日粮绝对进食量提高,但精料转化效率在氨化与未氨化组呈不同规律变化:未氨化组持续提高,氨化组呈二次曲线规律变化,且“精料/增重”比最低的日粮精料水平为45％。     

Bird assemblages in forest fragments within Mediterranean mosaics created by wild fires

The role of habitat heterogeneity as a key factor in determining species pools in habitat mosaics has been acknowledged, but we still know little on the relative importance of the different ecological processes acting within such complex landscapes. We compared species richness and distribution in forest fragments imbedded in shrub-lands to those in continuous forests or in continuous shrublands. We examined the consistency of our data with the predictions of two hypotheses: 1) the Habitat fragmentation hypothesis which states that fragmentation has negative effects on the species from the original continuous habitat; 2) the Habitat supplementation /complementation hypothesis which stipulates that the presence of a matrix habitat around the fragments will mitigate negative effects on the species from the original habitat (supplementation) or allow the presence of species that depend on the presence of both the fragment and matrix habitats (complementation). We show that: 1) species richness in forest fragments did not differ from species richness in segments of continuous forests of equal area; 2) the bird community of forest fragments got impoverished in some forest species but a higher proportion of species common in continuous forests were not affected by fragmentation; 3) fragment communities had a significant proportion of common species that were scarce in, or absent from both continuous forests and shrublands. While, a few forest species supported predictions from the fragmentation hypothesis, occurrence patterns observed in several other species were consistent with either the supplementation or the complementation hypotheses. Our results suggest that there is no single hypothesis that properly captures the consequences of a shift from continuous forests to a mosaic of forest fragments and shrublands and that different ecological mechanisms act in conjunction to determine species pools in habitat mosaics. Habitat heterogeneity at a local scale appears a key factor in maintaining bird diversity in fire driven Mediterranean landscapes.     

家蚕胰岛素受体类似基因挖掘及在限食模型中的表达特征

家蚕素是家蚕胰岛素相关肽,与其受体(IR)结合激活胰岛素信号转导(IIS)途径。利用生物信息学方法,挖掘出具有胰岛素受体类似结构域的家蚕基因Ir-lp,其ORF长2 658 bp,编码885个氨基酸残基,蛋白质分子质量100.3 kD,pI为6.93,与果蝇等昆虫的同源蛋白保守区域高度一致,NJ法分子进化分析显示家蚕IR-LP与昆虫胰岛素受体相关蛋白同源,但是家蚕Ir-lp编码蛋白缺少胰岛素受体酪氨酸激酶催化结构域,基因表达特征也与已知的家蚕Ir有显著差异。建立家蚕限食模型,调查限食后家蚕8个组织中Ir-lp与Ir表达变化的差异,探讨Ir-lp基因与IIS途径的关系,结果显示长期限食使得Ir-lp与Ir在脂肪体、性腺和表皮中上调表达,在马氏管中下调表达,其中Ir-lp的表达量变化幅度较大。综合分析,IR-LP可能在家蚕胚胎期、蛹期、蛾期等特定发育时期通过与IR竞争结合家蚕素来有效调控能量利用效率。     

Effect of supplementation of multi-microbe probiotic product on growth performance, apparent digestibility, cecal microbiota and small intestinal morphology of broilers

The present study investigated the effect of inclusion of multi-microbe probiotic product on growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, cecal microbiota and small intestinal morphology in broilers. Four hundred days-old Ross chicks were randomly allotted to five treatments on the basis of body weight (BW). Each treatment had four replicates of 20 chicks in each. Experimental diets were fed in two phases, starter (day 0-21) and finisher (day 22-35). Dietary treatments were; basal diet without any antimicrobial (NC), basal diet added with 20 mg Avilamycin/kg of diet (PC), 10(7) cfu multi-microbe probiotic/kg of diet (P1), 10(8) cfu multi-microbe probiotic/kg of diet (P2), and 10(9) cfu multi-microbe probiotic/kg of diet (P3). Overall BW gain and feed conversion ratio were better (p < 0.05) for treatments PC, P2 and P3 compared with NC and P1, with P1 being better (p < 0.05) than NC. Overall feed intake in treatments PC, P1, P2 and P3 were greater (p < 0.05) than NC. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein were greater (p < 0.05) in treatments PC, P2 and P3 compared with NC, with P1 being intermediate and not different form NC, PC, P2 and P3. At d 21 and 35, treatments PC, P1, P2 and P3 showed lower (p < 0.05) cecal Clostridium and Coliforms count in relation to NC. Moreover, cecal Clostridium (d 21) and Coliforms (d 21 and 35) count were lower (p < 0.05) in treatment PC in relation to P1; with P2 and P3 being intermediate and not different from PC. However, there was no effect of dietary treatments on cecal total anaerobic bacteria and Bifidobacterium spp. count. The villus height of duodenum in treatment PC was greater (p < 0.05) than NC, with P1, P2 and P3 being intermediate. Villus height of ileum in treatment PC was greater (p < 0.05) than in treatments P1 and NC, whereas it remained comparable among treatments PC, P2 and P3. Villus height to crypt depth ratio of ileum was greater (p < 0.05) for treatment PC, P2 and P3 compared with that in P1 and NC. It is concluded that multi-microbe probiotic inclusion at 10(8) and 10(9) cfu/kg diet had beneficial effects on broilers growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients and intestinal morphology and can be used as replacement to antibiotics growth promoter in broiler nutrition.     

Dietary protein concentration correlates in a complex way with glucose metabolism and growth performance in pregnant rats

We studied the influence of dietary protein concentration (PC) on the adaptation mechanism of maternal glucose metabolism to gestation, and on maternal body weight (BW) gain using pregnant rats fed 4% (low protein, LP), 10% (medium protein, MP) or 20% (high protein, HP) dietary protein concentration. Feed (FI), energy (EI) and protein (PI) intakes were recorded. Plasma glucose, insulin and GH were determined, and insulin:glucose (insulin resistance) and insulin:GH ratios computed. Correlation and regression analyses were used to determine the physiological relationships between metabolic and ponderal variables. MP dams with greater FI and EI (12%), and lower PI (44%) than HP dams showed similar maternal and fetal growth performance because of the maintained energy efficiency (EE). LP dams, with similar FI and EI, and lower PI (81%) than HP dams, failed to catch up due to the low EE. PC exerted a non-linear influence on BW gain, insulin and GH, through EI and EE modifications. The EI linearly influenced hormone concentrations with the maximum and minimum hormone response in MP and LP dams, respectively. Insulin resistance increased as PC decreased, whereas the GH lipolytic effect appeared to predominate over insulin action. Circulating hormones and metabolites affected nutrient partitioning between dam and fetus, with the result that the competing demands for materno-fetal growth of HP and MP dams, but not the LP dams, were satisfied. A deeper knowledge of the nature of the materno-fetal energy relationships will enhance the manipulation of the growth performance of the fetus in several animal species.