Effects of dietary macronutrient level and feeding frequency on growth and body composition of juvenile rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli)

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary macronutrient level and feeding frequency on the growth, feed utilization, and body composition of juvenile rockfish. Triplicate groups of fish (body weight of 4.1 g) were fed the experimental diets containing either high levels of carbohydrate (HC, 35%), lipid (HL, 13%), or protein (HP, 55%) at different feeding frequencies (twice daily, once daily, and once every 2 days). Weight gain was affected by feeding frequency but not by dietary composition. Weight gain of fish fed the diets once every 2 days was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of other groups. Daily feed intake and energy intake were affected by both dietary composition and feeding frequency. Daily feed intake of fish fed the HC diet was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of fish fed the HL and HP diets at the same feeding frequency. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were affected by both dietary composition and feeding frequency and decreased with increasing feeding frequency in the same dietary composition. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the HC diet were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of fish fed the HL diet at the same feeding frequency. Whole-body lipid content of fish fed the HL diet was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of fish fed the HC and HP diets at the same feeding frequency. These results indicate that an increase of dietary lipid level compared with dietary carbohydrate level may have the advantage of a protein-sparing effect at same feeding frequency, and a once-daily feeding regime is more effective than twice daily or one feeding every 2 days to improve growth performance of juvenile rockfish grown from 4 to 21 g.     

Effect of steam explosion on enzymatic hydrolysis and baking quality of wheat bran

In this study, the effect of steam explosion (SE) treatment on microstructure, enzymatic hydrolysis and baking quality of wheat bran was investigated. Coarse and fine bran were treated at different steam temperatures (120–160 °C) and residence times (5 or 10 min) and then hydrolysed with carbohydrase enzymes. The SE treatment increased water extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) content from 0.75 to 2.06% and reducing sugars from 0.92 to 2.41% for fine bran. The effect was more pronounced with increased SE temperature and residence time. The highest carbohydrate solubilisation was observed in fine bran at SE treatment of 160 °C, 5 min. WEAX content increased to 3.13% when this bran was incubated without enzyme, while WEAX content increased to 9.14% with enzyme addition. Microscopic analysis indicated that cell wall structure of wheat bran was disrupted by severe SE conditions. Supplementation of SE treated (150 °C, 10 min) bran at 20% replacement level decreased the baking quality of bread. However SE followed by enzymatic hydrolysis increased specific volume and decreased crumb hardness (on the day of baking and after three days of storage). Phytic acid content of bread supplemented with SE treated bran was lower than the one supplemented with untreated bran.     

日粮阴阳离子差对泌乳前期热应激奶牛血液酸碱平衡和生产性能的影响

研究日粮阴阳离子差对泌乳前期热应激奶牛血液酸碱平衡和生产性能的影响,选用36头热应激条件下泌乳前期荷斯坦奶牛,采用完全随机试验设计(n=12),以不同日粮阴阳离子差[DCAD;(Na K )-(Cl- S2-)mEq/kgDM]为试验处理,即对照组(DCAD为 130.49 mEq/kg DM),试验Ⅰ组(DCAD为 251.54 mEq/kg DM)和试验Ⅱ组(DCAD为 383.87 mEq/kg DM),试验期42 d。结果表明:(1)提高日粮DCAD可明显增强奶牛血液的缓冲能力和运氧能力。血液pH和碱超值随着日粮DCAD的升高而上升(P<0.05),DCAD对其他血气指标的影响不明显,其中二氧化碳总量、二氧化碳分压、实际碳酸氢盐、氧饱和度均逐渐增加(P>0.05),而氧分压则呈峰形变化(P>0.05);(2)DCAD对奶牛血清尿素氮、总蛋白、白蛋白的影响均达到了极显著水平(P<0.01),肌酸磷酸激酶变化明显(P<0.05),血糖含量直线上升(P>0.05);(3)适当提高日粮DCAD可显著提高奶牛的生产性能。试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的4%标准乳较对照组分别提高了11.0%和5.1%(P<0.05),而乳脂率明显降低(P<0.05),乳蛋白率(P<0.05)和乳糖含量(P>0.05)随日粮DCAD的升高而增加。综合以上各项指标考虑,建议以试验Ⅰ组(DCAD为 251.54 mEq/kg DM)作为泌乳早期奶牛的DCAD日粮。     

广西右江河谷产地芒果农药残留现状及膳食风险评估

研究了广西右江河谷地区芒果中农药残留现状,并做了人群的膳食风险评估,旨在为芒果农产品的农业主管部门监管提供科学依据。在右江河谷产区采集99份芒果样品,对样品中107种农药残留进行分析检测,并运用点评估方法对农药残留膳食摄入风险进行评估。结果表明,芒果的检出农药类型上,以甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂为主,检出率高达61.61%;累计检出20种农药残留,样品检出率为80.80%,其中吡唑醚菌酯检出率最高,达到46.46%;按照GB 2763-2021判定,超标数量达到14份,占总样品数量的14.14%,吡唑醚菌酯和氯氟氰菊酯两种农药超标;检出农药对成人和儿童的慢性膳食摄入%ADI在0.00 -2.43 %之间,其中氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯对儿童的急性膳食摄入%ARfD分别为101.82%、136.16 %,所有检出农药对成人的急性膳食摄入%ARfD均小于100 %。广西右江河谷地区芒果中多农药组分残留情况明显,吡唑醚菌酯和氯氟氰菊酯需要重点监测关注;儿童对芒果中摄入氯氟氰菊酯和联苯菊酯的农药残留急性膳食有一定的暴露风险,成人对芒果中检出的所有农药急、慢性膳食暴露风险极低。     

Effect of immature wheat flour on nutritional and technological quality of sourdough bread

In this study, the effect of immature wheat flour (IWF) on the fermentation activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and on the nutritional quality properties of bread were evaluated. IWF was added in the as the ratio of 10g/100g in sourdough fermentation medium, and the fermentation activity (total LAB, pH, titration acidity (TA), and total reducing sugar (TRS)) of LAB cultures was monitored. Additionally, some physical quality characteristics (specific volume, texture profile and colour value), estimated glycaemic index (eGI), rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), and the total dietary fibre content of sourdough bread were determined. According to the statistical test, it was revealed that the IWF addition stimulated LAB growth and increased their fermentation activity. The pH of the fermentation medium decreased from 6.57 to 3.50, and TA raised from 0.13% to 1.2% in 48 h. The highest TRS content was determined in IWF enriched sourdough samples, and as a result of this, the eGI of sourdough bread increased. Compared to the control sample, the SDS and total dietary fibre content were higher in IWF added sourdough bread, and a positive correlation was noted between these two components. IWF utilisation of sourdough bread formulation increased the hardness value by nearly 50%.     

中国粮食安全百年变化历程

以人粮关系为主线、以中国社会经济发展为辅线,重点回顾了近百余年中国粮食安全变化历程及其社会经济背景。提出粮食安全问题分析的4个纬度,即农民生计、土地制度、农业科技、政策管理。认为重粮重农不轻工商、控制人口过快增长、完善土地使用制度、发展农业科技、维护国家长治久安是保障粮食安全的5个要素。最后指出应树立包括数量安全、结构安全、生态安全、质量安全在内的广义粮食安全观,系统地构建粮食安全保障体系。     

雏鸭饲粮锰适宜水平的研究

采用玉米-豆饼型饲粮(含Mn19ppm),对210只1日龄北京雏鸭进行补锰试验,试验分7组,锰添加水平(试剂级MnSO_4·H_2O)按1～7组顺序依次为0,20,45,60,85,110,135ppm,试验期3周,研究雏鸭饲粮锰适宜水平。结果为,饲粮锰水平不影响雏鸭体增重,日采食量和饲料转化率(P>0.05);胫骨锰浓度随饲粮锰水平增加呈线性上升(P<0.01);肝、肾、胰、心组织锰浓度和肝脏含锰的SOD酶活性可与饲粮锰水平拟合为相应的二次曲线模式(P<0.001),上述软组织锰浓度和肝SOD酶活性达到平衡时,所需饲粮锰依次为110.05,100.00,122.91,113.99和116.00ppm。综合试验结果考虑,雏鸭饲粮锰适宜水平为110ppm。     

Zinc biofortification of maize (Zea mays L.): Status and challenges

Zn deficiency is one of the leading health problems in children and women of developing countries. Different interventions could be used to overcome malnutrition, but biofortification is most impactful, convenient, sustainable and acceptable intervention. Maize is one of the major crops grown and consumed in the regions with prevalent Zn malnutrition; therefore, this is suitable target for Zn biofortification. Zn biofortification of maize could be achieved through agronomic and genetic approaches. Discussion of agronomic approaches with genetic approaches is prerequisite because soils in developing countries are deficit of Zn and availability of Zn in soils is mandatory for estimating the genetic responses of maize genotypes through genetic approaches. Seed priming, foliar and soil applications are agronomic tools for biofortification, but solo and combined applications of these treatments have different effects on Zn enrichment. Genetic approaches include the increase of Zn bioavailability or increase of kernel Zn concentration. Zn bioavailability could be increased by reducing the anti‐nutritional factors or by increasing the bioavailability enhancers. Kernel Zn concentration could be improved through hybridization and selections, whereas genetically engineered attempts for improving Zn uptake from soil, loading in xylem, remobilization in grains and sequestration in endosperm can further improve the kernel Zn concentration. Key challenges associated with dissemination of Zn biofortified maize are also under discussion in this draft. Current review emphasized all of above‐mentioned contents to provide roadmap for the development of Zn biofortified maize genotypes to curb the global Zn malnutrition.     

膳食纤维杂粮面包的研制

本试验以绿豆皮粉、黄豆皮粉、红薯皮粉、高筋面粉为主要原料,采用二次发酵法研制膳食纤维杂粮面包,通过口感和外观考察了配方和烘培时间对其风味品质的影响。结果表明,对杂粮面包品质的影响因素依次为改良剂添加量>杂粮皮粉用量>烘焙时间>酵母添加量。通过单因素和正交试验得到杂粮面包的最佳配方为高筋粉50%、杂粮皮粉2.3%(绿豆皮粉:黄豆皮粉:红薯皮粉=3:2:5)、白糖13.1%、酵母0.4%、改良剂0.2%、奶粉0.3%、水21%、鸡蛋6.6%、盐0.5%和黄油5.2%,烘培20min得到的杂粮面包的风味品质最佳,形态丰满完整,色泽均匀,组织有弹性,具有发酵烘烤后特有的面包香味,松软可口。     

Effect of dietary protein/carbohydrate ratio on activities of hepatic enzymes involved in the amino acid metabolism of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

This study investigated the influence of different dietary protein/carbohydrate ratios on activities of enzymes involved in the amino acid metabolism as well as on growth performance and body composition of Nile tilapia (Oreo- chromis niloticus). Fish were fed semi-synthetic diets differing in their protein/carbohydrate ratio. The diets were formulated to be isolipidic and isoenergetic (on the basis of metabolizable energy). Fish were reared individually. After a prefeeding phase, tilapia were randomly assigned to three groups and were fed the experimental diets at a relatively low level. The study lasted 9 weeks. Proximate composition, gross energy content, and activities of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) in the liver of fish were determined. While the mean growth rate and feed conversion efficiency did not differ significantly among the feeding groups, the body composition showed significant differences. The dietary protein/carbohydrate ratio had no significant effect on the protein and energy gain, but the lipid gain was significantly higher in tilapia fed the low-protein diet. The activities of ASAT and ALAT per gram of liver and per gram of soluble protein were significantly increased in fish fed the high-protein diet. There was a significant positive correlation between the activities of ASAT and ALAT. The activities of both enzymes in the liver were significantly higher in fish with a higher protein gain. Measuring the activities of enzymes involved in the amino acid metabolism can provide more information about the metabolic utilized dietary protein.