我国人工林经营现状与集约经营对策

人工林经营是培育森林资源的重要组成部分,对巩固造林绿化成果,提高森林质量和林地生产力有极为重要的意义。我国人工林面积居世界首位,但经营粗放,质量较差。简述了我国人工林经营现状,并提出集约经营方向与发展对策。     

中国作物栽培科学的历史沿革与发展方向

简要回顾了中国作物栽培科学的发展历史和建国后创立发展、停滞不前、恢复加速、巩固提高等4个发展阶段的基本情况,总结了50多年来新中国作物栽培学3大主要社会贡献和3个主要自身建设成就,分析了目前存在的10个现实问题,该科学按照“高产、优质、高效、安全、生态”的目标,向区域化、专业化、规模化、标准化、简约化、产业化的方向发展。中国农业、农村和农民的许多问题,仍需要作物栽培科学解决,其他科学无法取代,因而作物栽培工作者任重道远,作物栽培科学大有可为。     

构建农村法律援助体系的难点与对策

民主法制建设是建设社会主义新农村的重要内容之一,法律援助在农村民主法制建设中占有突出地位。针对农村法律援助面临人员缺乏、经费不足等问题,提出了采取加强人才队伍建设和拓宽经费筹措渠道等措施。     

Land degradation,stocking rates and conservation policies in the communal rangelands of Botswana and Zimbabwe

Communal rangeland management policies in Botswana and Zimbabwe are based on incorrect technical assumptions about the stability of semiarid rangeland, the nature of rangeland degradation, and the benefits of destocking. Consequently, inappropriate policies, stressing the need to destock and stabilise the rangelands, are pursued. Acknowledgement of the great instability but intrinsic resilience of rangeland would encourage the Governments to more favourably regard the opportunistic stocking strategies of the agro-pastoralists of the Communal Areas. However, degradation of rangelands is occurring, although at varying rates. This justifies the promotion of a ‘tracking strategy’, in which livestock densities are encouraged to follow, more closely that at present, variations in rainfall. The establishment of grazing territories controlled by specific ‘communities’ may be a prerequisite for the promotion of the tracking strategy, and for communal rangeland management and improvement. However, the establishment of such territories must take into account social equity, institutional problems and transaction costs, as well as spatial and temporal variation in rangeland resources.     

Exploiting chemical ecology to manage hyperparasitoids in biological control of arthropod pests

Insect hyperparasitoids are fourth trophic level organisms that commonly occur in terrestrial food webs, yet they are relatively understudied. These top‐carnivores can disrupt biological pest control by suppressing the populations of their parasitoid hosts, leading to pest outbreaks, especially in confined environments such as greenhouses where augmentative biological control is used. There is no effective eco‐friendly strategy that can be used to control hyperparasitoids. Recent advances in the chemical ecology of hyperparasitoid foraging behavior have opened opportunities for manipulating these top‐carnivores in such a way that biological pest control becomes more efficient. We propose various infochemical‐based strategies to manage hyperparasitoids. We suggest that a push‐pull strategy could be a promising approach to ‘push’ hyperparasitoids away from their parasitoid hosts and ‘pull’ them into traps. Additionally, we discuss how infochemicals can be used to develop innovative tools improving biological pest control (i) to restrict accessibility of resources (e.g. sugars and alternative hosts) to primary parasitoid only or (ii) to monitor hyperparasitoid presence in the crop for early detection. We also identify important missing information in order to control hyperparasitoids and outline what research is needed to reach this goal. Testing the efficacy of synthetic infochemicals in confined environments is a crucial step towards the implementation of chemical ecology‐based approaches targeting hyperparasitoids. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

我国饲草重大病虫鼠害研究进展

为全面了解我国饲草重大病虫鼠害分布和危害,充分掌握其传播扩散规律及其造成的重大经济损失,我们系统分析了我国饲草病害、虫害、鼠害等生物灾害危害情况,总结了国内外饲草病虫鼠害防控现状与研究进展,提出了饲草重大生物灾害的防控对策,为保障饲草产业和草牧业健康发展提供理论支撑。此外,本文还总结了我国饲草病虫鼠害的防控难题,为今后饲草病虫鼠害的研究提供了方向。     

广东省林木种苗工程建设现状与发展对策

文章概述了广东省林木种苗工程项目建设的现状,总结分析了其存在的主要问题,并提出了解决问题的对策。     

陇东黄土高原旱地冬小麦生产影响要素及育种目标与策略

通过对自然因素分析指出,在陇东黄土高原旱地干旱少雨,低温寡照,病虫危害是该区冬小麦生产的主要影响因子。结合小麦育种实践,提出小麦产量结构模式,旱地品种特征特性和抗旱、抗寒、抗病、优质育种目标。提出了旱作种质引进创新,选择当地品种作亲本,采用聚和杂交,利用逆境定向选择,多生态水、旱交替选育,实行穿梭育种,多元化抗锈育种,加强优质专用品种选育的育种策略。     

猪瘟病毒流行病学、病原致病特性及猪瘟综合防制研究

猪瘟是由猪瘟病毒引起猪的高度致死性、接触性传染病,严重危害全球养猪业的重要传染病,也是我国计划要消灭的重大动物疫病之一。近年流行态势十分复杂,本文就CSF的流行情况、病原致病特征及综合防治技术研究等方面进行全面概述,井为猪瘟的防制提出具体实施方案。     

河北太行山区农业可持续发展战略与产业发展模式研究

本文针对河北省太行山区农业可持续发展的总体态势及存在问题,提出了推进该区农业可持续发展的三大战略:“生态环境改善的基础保障战略”、“经济发展跨越的核心带动战略”、“社会进步和谐的全面支撑战略”,并重点以科学发展、市场培育、机制创新等战略举措来推动其实施。同时还提出了最能体现该区农业可持续发展要求的五大典型产业模式:绿色杂粮产业、绿色林果产业、生态畜牧产业、生态旅游产业和特种资源开发产业,并从资源与特点、潜力与优势、战略与对策等方面分别对其进行了论述。