气流干燥管计算中的几个问题

气流干燥装置已广泛地应用于鱼类饲料生产的烘干过程,气流干燥管是该类干燥装置中的主要干燥部件。干燥管的设计计算目前尚无一定的方法,不同学者各有已见。国内应用较多的有费道洛夫()法、桐荣良三法,南京化工学院和天津大学也有各自的计算方法。作者自1985年以来先后主持设计或改进设计了路程可调式通用有机物料气流干燥装置、0.5t/h和1t/h复合氨基酸饲料气流干燥装置等多套该类装置,根据设计计算过程中的经验和认识,对干燥管计算中的若干问题进行     

干旱、半干旱区造林密度及其影响因素研究综述

通过对近年来有关造林密度的研究分析,详细阐述了造林密度与水分平衡的关系;造林密度与近自然造林的关系;造林密度与林种的关系。通过对上述影响因素的研究分析,结合干旱、半干旱地区的实际情况,给出该区域小叶锦鸡儿、胡枝子、油松、樟子松、沙地柏、油蒿等几种常见乔灌木树种造林的合理密度范围,为干旱地区造林绿化提供了理论依据。     

A model of seasonal foliage dynamics of the subtropical mangrove species Rhizophora stylosa Griff.growing at the northern limit of its distribution

Background： Progress of forest production in response to the environment requires a quantitative understanding of leaf area development. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the dynamics of seasonal crown foliage in order to understand the productivity of mangroves, which play an important role in the subtropical and tropical coastlines of the world. Method： Crown foliage dynamics of the mangrove Rhizophora styloso were studies to reveal patterns of leaf recruitment, survival and seasonal leaf area growth. Results： Flushing of leaves occurred throughout the year, but both flushing and leaf area growth pattern of leaves varied with season. Maximum flushing occurred in summer, but leaf areas did not differ significantly with season. The half-expansion period is longer, and the intrinsic rate of increase was lower in winter. Summer flushed leaves grew faster at their initial stage and reached their maximum area over a shorter period of time. The difference in temperature and air vapor pressure deficit （VPD） between summer and winter contributed to the present dynamics of foliage patterns. The mean leaf longevity was estimated to be 13.1 month. The crown foliage area was almost stable throughout the year. Conclusions： Homeostatic control of the crown foliage area may be accompanied by the existence of ecophysiological mechanisms in R. stylosa. Integrating crown foliage dynamics into forest models represents an important step towards incorporating physiological mechanisms into the models for predicting growth responses to environmental changes and for understanding the complex responses of tree growth and litter production.     

Developing a dynamic growth model for teak plantations in India

Background： Tectono grandis （teak） is one of the most important tropical timber species occurring naturally in India. Appropriate growth models, based on advanced modeling techniques, are not available but are necessary for the successful management of teak stands in the country. Long-term forest planning requires mathematical models and the principles of Dynamical System Theory provide a solid foundation for these.
Methods： The state-space approach makes it possible to accommodate disturbances and avarying environment. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop a dynamic growth model based on the limited data, consisting of three annual measurements, collected from 22 teak sample plots in Karnataka, Southern India.
Results： A biologically consistent whole-stand growth model has been presented which uses the state-space approach for modelling rates of change of three state-variables viz., dominant height, stems per hectare and stand basal area. Moreover, the model includes a stand volume equation as an output function to estimate this variable at any point in time. Transition functions were fitted separately and simultaneously. Moreover, a continuous autoregressive error structure is also included in the modelling process. For fitting volume equation, generalized method of moments was used to get efficient parameter estimates under heteroscedastic conditions.
Conclusions： A simple model containing few free parameters performed well and is particularly well suited to situations where available data is scarce.     

武威绿洲灌区冬小麦田土壤水热特征对耕作措施的响应

通过田间定位试验,研究了内陆河武威绿洲灌区不同耕作措施对冬小麦田土壤水热特性和产量的影响。结果表明:免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)和免耕立茬(NTSS)处理较免耕秸秆不覆盖(NT)、传统耕作(T)和秸秆翻压(TIS)处理具有显著的保墒作用;冬小麦返青至收获期NTS和NTSS处理对土壤具有"降温作用",且气温越高"降温作用"越大;NTS和NTSS处理有利于提高冬小麦产量、穗粒数和千粒质量,分别较T处理显著提高产量15.65%~16.84%和6.98%~12.75%、穗粒数10.93%~12.34%和3.57%~23.41%、千粒质量7.85%~10.13%和5.57%~6.40%,分别较TIS处理提高产量8.01%~11.29%和2.94%~4.25%、穗粒数1.83%~9.50%和0.95%~13.28%、千粒质量1.77%~7.69%和0.40%~3.23%,分别较NT处理提高产量4.56%~9.23%和0.92%~1.04%。免耕秸杆覆盖和免耕秸杆立茬处理具有保水、降温、增产的作用,是适宜该区冬小麦生产的有效耕作措施。     

凉山不同环境区域烟叶质量分析

为探明凉山不同环境区域烟叶的质量特征,对沿江地带干热河谷地区、山地区域、盆地坝区的烟叶综合质量进行了比较和评价。结果表明,烟叶外观质量表现为山地区域＞河谷区域＞盆地坝区;盆地坝区烟叶烟碱、总氮含量最高,总糖、还原糖、氧化钾、氯含量及总糖／烟碱、钾／氯指标最低,河谷区域与山地区域烟叶化学成分指标均差别不大,但山地区域烟叶总糖、还原糖、氧化钾含量和总糖／烟碱、钾／氯均略低于河谷区域烟叶;山地区域烟叶物理特性最好,盆地坝区烟叶最差;烟叶各类香气物质含量和评吸质量均表现为山地区域＞河谷区域＞盆地坝区。山地区域烤后烟叶综合质量最高,河谷区域烟叶综合质量好于盆地坝区。     

黄土高原半干旱区景观化集水造绿空间网络构建——以甘肃环县为例

在"聚居背景—聚居活动—聚居建设"的景观"三元论"的哲学基础上,风景园林这一综合学科应对黄土高原的人居环境改善产生重要的作用。文章以黄土高原东部半干旱区环县的人居环境为研究对象,从人居角度分析影响集水造绿的各类因素,从降水、坡度、坡向、河流、泉眼等自然因素以及城镇、道路、水库等人工因素的角度评价集水造绿的适宜性;以GIS技术进行数据整理与量化分级,通过综合考量确定集水造绿的优势地带等级,即适宜度分析;识别集水造绿的"节点"与"路径";规划水绿双赢的空间网络。研究证明,在引入适当人为干预的情况下,通过"基底—节点—路径"方式构建的集水造绿优势空间网络能够适应人居环境集水造绿的需求。     

直纹稻苞虫在长沙地区的发生规律及防治研究

直纹稻苞虫是水稻上的重要害虫之一,2011~2013年对长沙地区水稻直纹稻苞虫的发生情况进行了研究。结果表明：2011年度长沙出现了直纹稻苞虫的爆发突增现象,后2 a发生数量趋于稳定。针对直纹稻苞虫在长沙地区的发生情况,提出了防治稻苞虫的具体措施和方法。     

不同产区浓香型与清香型烤烟内在化学成分含量分析

为了揭示影响烤烟香型风格的主要化学特性指标,研究以湖南郴州、河南许昌、云南文山和福建三明4个烟区的烟叶作为浓香型和清香型烟叶的代表,对烟叶的内在化学成分含量进行了比较分析。结果表明,湖南郴州和河南许昌两个烟区的浓香型烟叶在总糖和烟碱含量上的差异不明显,云南文山和福建三明两个烟区的清香型烟叶在总氮含量上没有差异,这表明总糖和烟碱是浓香型烟叶的决定因素,而总氮含量是清香型烟叶的决定因素。湖南郴州和河南许昌为代表的浓香型烟叶与云南文山和福建三明为代表的清香型烟叶在化学指标上总糖、还原糖、烟碱、糖碱比和两糖差均达到极显著差异(P0.01),表明浓香型与清香型烟叶的差异主要表现在糖和烟碱上,低糖和低碱成为浓香型的烟叶特色。     

滨海地区不同耕作方式对土壤水分及夏玉米生长发育的影响

针对河北省滨海地区夏玉米地土壤耕层变浅、病虫草害严重的问题,以当地习惯的耕作方式免耕作对照,设置深翻30 cm后旋耕(T1)、深松40 cm后旋耕(T2)、旋耕(T3)3种耕作方式,分析各处理对土壤水分及夏玉米生长发育的影响。结果表明,T1或T2处理均提高了土壤耕层含水量,其中以深松40 cm后旋耕保墒效果最佳;T1或T2处理均增大了玉米叶面积指数、穗长、穗粒数、千粒质量和产量,降低了空秆率,其中以播前深松40 cm后旋耕效果最佳。选用的3种耕作措施中,播前先深松40 cm再翻耕的耕作方式最适宜该地区。