黑沙蒿乙醇粗提物对奶山羊体外试验CLA含量及C18不饱和脂肪酸生物氢化率的影响

采用体外试验研究添加不同浓度的菊科黑沙蒿乙醇粗提物对瘤胃微生物体外发酵脂肪酸生物氢化、CLA含量及其前体物trans-11C18:1含量的影响。黑沙蒿乙醇粗提物添加的剂量分别是0(对照组)、3、30、300及3000mg/L。培养时间分别是2、6及24h。在每个采样时间点、每个添加量均设3个重复。试验结果表明,添加黑沙蒿乙醇粗提物有降低C18不饱和脂肪酸生物氢化率的趋势,有增加CLA生成前体物trans-11C18:1脂肪酸含量的趋势,有增加CLA含量的趋势。     

广西山羊圈养现状与发展思考

本文对广西山羊饲养情况和圈养情况进行了统计,对实施圈养的优势进行了论述,并就目前存在问题提出几点发展对策,以期促进该区圈养山羊工作的推进和石漠化治理。     

奶牛场荧光定量PCR检测实验室建设实践与思考——以原生态牧业奶牛场实验室建设为例

荧光定量PCR技术用于病原微生物基因表达、基因组变异和多态性检测等,具有灵敏度高、特异性高、快捷、对样品要求低等优点,已广泛用于临床诊断和畜禽疫病诊断。本文以黑龙江原生态牧业奶牛场荧光定量PCR检测实验室建设为例,从设计规划、配套设备、人员配备、环境控制及存在问题解决五大方面进行论述,提出PCR实验室建设要根据奶牛场场地实际情况,规划适合PCR实验检测区域;根据PCR检测需求及奶牛场费用预算配置实验设备;根据奶牛场预计检测样品量配备检测人员及培养储备人员;在建立严格的操作规范基础上,严格执行实验分区管理及检测过程中消毒流程,避免实验过程中产生气溶胶污染环境。     

奶牛子宫内压描记试验及胎衣不下与产后子宫活动性关系的初探

本实验在国内首次建立了描记奶牛子宫内压的体内微型压力传感器法,为对子宫进行生理、病理及药理学研究提供了一个实用手段。 本实验利用压力传感器法描记了16头母牛产后4小时和24小时的子宫内压并同时测定了血浆17β-雌二醇和孕酮的水平,其中胎衣正常排出7头(NRFM),胎衣不下9头(RFM)。结果如下:产后4小时NRFM和RFM牛子宫活动单位(平均收缩压×10分钟收缩次数)分别为183.19±19.15和37.12±16.79(P<0.01);产后24小时子宫活动单位NRFM牛为32.75±4.5,RFM牛为31.65±6.33(P>0.05),此时静注30单位催产素后子宫活动单位分别增加17.4和5.5倍(P<0.01)。NRFM牛产后4和24小时血浆17β-雌二醇水平为99.96±42.69和27.16±10.92pg/ml,RFM牛为188.06±63.85和106.93±72.28pg/ml(P<0.01);产后4和24小时血浆孕酮水平NRFM牛为2.0802±0.4072和1.9815±0.4312ng/ml,RFM牛分别为1.9635±0.6208和1.8734±0.6017ng/ml(P>0.05)。     

The use of antibiotics on small dairy farms in rural Peru

Very little is known about the use of antibiotics on small dairy farms in lower/middle-income countries. The use of these drugs can have profound impacts on animal health, farmer income and public health. A survey of 156 farmers was conducted in Cajamarca, a major dairy-producing center in the highlands of Peru characterized by small farms (<15 cows) to assess patterns and determinants of antibiotic use and farmers’ knowledge of antibiotics. The reported incidence of disease on these farms was relatively low (0.571 episodes of disease per cow-year), but more than 83% of the reported episodes were treated with antibiotics. The most commonly used antibiotics were oxytetracycline, penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole drugs; antiparasitic drugs were also used to treat what were likely bacterial infections. An increased incidence of treated disease was significantly associated with smaller farm size, lower farmer income, the previous use of the Californian Mastitis test on the farm and antibiotic knowledge. Farmers’ knowledge of antibiotics was assessed with a series of questions on antibiotics, resulting in a “knowledge score”. Increased knowledge was significantly associated with the use of antibiotics for preventative reasons, the purchase of antibiotics from feed-stores, the experience of complications in animals after having administered antibiotics, the number of workers on the farm and the educational level of the farmer. Overall, antibiotics appeared to be used infrequently, most likely because therapeutic interventions were sought only when the animal had reached an advanced stage of clinical disease. Few farmers were able to define an antibiotic, but many farmers understood that the use of antibiotics carried inherent risks to their animals and potentially to the consumers of dairy products from treated animals. The results of this study are useful for understanding the patterns of antibiotic use and associated management, demographic and knowledge factors of farmers on small dairy farms in rural Peru.     

Prevalence of Michigan dairy herds infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis as determined by environmental sampling

A cross-sectional, stratified random survey of Michigan dairy herds was conducted to estimate the prevalence of herds infected with Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease, in Michigan using targeted environmental sampling. One pooled sample each from the primary manure storage area and a high-traffic common cow area from each herd was collected and cultured for MAP using the ESP^® culture system II. A herd was classified as positive if at least one sample was culture positive for MAP. State, agricultural district, and herd size stratum prevalence were calculated. Information on past MAP testing and cattle purchase history was collected, and logistic regression was performed to determine their importance to the MAP status of the herd. One hundred twenty-seven herds were contacted, and 94 agreed to participate in the study. The environment of 38 (40.4%) herds cultured positive for MAP. MAP was found in all herds (n = 15) with greater than 200 lactating cows. Herds that had tested for MAP or purchased cattle in the previous 5 years were 4.6 and 3.1 times, respectively, more likely to be infected than herds that had not. MAP continues to be prevalent on Michigan dairy farms, especially those with greater than 200 lactating cows. The environmental sampling protocol used in this study is an economically attractive alternative for monitoring herd level prevalence and the progress of Johne's disease control programs at the state or national level. Implementation of such a program would aid states in monitoring Johne's control program progress, and guide changes over time.     

The effects of farm management practices on liver fluke prevalence and the current internal parasite control measures employed on Irish dairy farms

Fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica is responsible for major production losses in cattle farms. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of farm management practices on liver fluke prevalence on Irish dairy farms and to document the current control measures against parasitic diseases. In total, 369 dairy farms throughout Ireland were sampled from October to December 2013, each providing a single bulk tank milk (BTM) sample for liver fluke antibody-detection ELISA testing and completing a questionnaire on their farm management. The analysis of samples showed that cows on 78% (n = 288) of dairy farms had been exposed to liver fluke. There was a difference (P < 0.05) between farms where cows were positive or negative for liver fluke antibodies in (a) the total number of adult dairy cows in herds, (b) the number of adult dairy cows contributing to BTM samples, and (c) the size of the total area of grassland, with positive farms having larger numbers in each case. There was no difference (P > 0.05) between positive and negative farms in (a) the grazing of dry cows together with replacement cows, (b) whether or not grazed grassland was mowed for conservation, (c) the type of drinking water provision system, (d) spreading of cattle manure on grassland or (e) for grazing season length (GSL; mean = 262.5 days). Also, there were differences (P < 0.001) between drainage statuses for GSL with farms on good drainage having longer GSL than moderately drained farms. The GSL for dairy cows on farms with good drainage was 11 days longer than for those with moderate drainage (P < 0.001). The percentage of farmers that used an active ingredient during the non-lactating period against liver fluke, gastrointestinal nematodes, lungworm, and rumen fluke was 96%, 85%, 77% and 90%, respectively. Albendazole was the most frequently used active ingredient for treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes (57%), liver fluke (40%) and lungworm (47%), respectively. There was a difference (P < 0.05) in the use of triclabendazole and albendazole between positive and negative farms, with triclabendazole use being more common in positive farms. This study highlighted differences in dairy management practices between Irish farms with dairy herds exposed or not exposed to liver fluke and stressed the need of fine-scale mapping of the disease patterns even at farm level to increase the accuracy of risk models. Also, comprehensive advice and professional support services to farmers on appropriate farm management practices are very important for an effective anthelmintic control strategy.     

藏山羊和藏绵羊小肠黏膜免疫相关细胞的比较研究

为了探讨藏山羊和藏绵羊在低氧环境中小肠黏膜免疫屏障结构的适应特征,本试验采用组织化学方法和图像分析法对4只成年藏山羊和4只成年藏绵羊小肠不同肠段的上皮内淋巴细胞、杯状细胞和肥大细胞的数量进行比较研究。结果显示:藏山羊小肠各段杯状细胞和肥大细胞的数量均高于藏绵羊(P<0.05),其中藏山羊十二指肠、空肠和回肠的上皮内杯状细胞数量分别比藏绵羊多37.87%(P<0.05)、21.43%(P>0.05)和31.68%(P<0.05),藏山羊十二指肠、空肠和回肠的肥大细胞数量分别比藏绵羊多85.20%(P<0.05)、50.73%(P<0.05)和22.52%(P>0.05);而藏山羊小肠各段上皮内淋巴细胞的数量(36.35±0.98)低于藏绵羊(48.84±2.12)(P<0.05)。结果提示,成年藏山羊的小肠黏膜免疫屏障功能强于藏绵羊;藏绵羊小肠中上皮内淋巴细胞起重要的黏膜防御功能,而在藏山羊小肠中杯状细胞和肥大细胞起重要的黏膜防御功能。     

Longitudinal identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in dairy calves on a farm in Southern Xinjiang,China

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common species responsible for human and animals microsporidiasis. A total of 250 samples were collected weekly from 25 newborn dairy calves of a farm in Southern Xinjiang, China at one to ten weeks of age. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was identified and genotyped by nested PCR amplification and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region.The cumulative prevalence of E. bieneusi infection was 100% (25/25), and the average infection was 52.0% (130/250). The highest infection rate was recorded at six weeks of age (92.0%, 23/25), and no infection was observed at one and two weeks of age. Sequencing analysis showed nine E. bieneusi genotypes (J, EbpC, PigEBITS5, CHV4, CHC3, CS-9, KIN-1, CH5, and CAM5) were identified. The highest genetic polymorphism was observed at ten weeks of age. Genotype J was the predominant E. bieneusi genotype. Phylogenetic analysis clustered genotype J into Group 2 and other eight genotypes (EbpC, PigEBITS5, CHV4, CHC3, CS-9, KIN-1, CH5, and CAM5), detected in 22 (16.9%, 22/130) samples, into Group 1. Among the genotypes, EbpC, KIN-1, and J have been identified in humans. The highest E. bieneusi infection rate (57.9%, 124/214) was observed in fecal samples with formed feces with no diarrhea (p < 0.01), and high genetic polymorphism was observed in class I fecal samples. The presence of zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes in dairy calves suggests the possibility of transmitting zoonotic infections to humans. It provides the basic data on dynamic change of E. bieneusi in calves.     

2018年进口奶牛检疫情况分析

随着十多年的超速发展,我国奶牛业已由单一品种的散养方式逐步转变为高产品种的规模化、集约化养殖方式。然而,我国奶牛整体遗传素质不高,多为进口高产奶牛与地方奶牛的低代次改良品种,以致原奶质量参差不齐,严重制约了我国奶业的健康发展。因此,大规模引进高品质的奶牛品种,已成为我国优化奶牛基因、推动畜牧业产业化发展的重要抓手,但同时也为检疫工作带来了挑战。本文通过分析2018年我国进口奶牛数量、来源国、疫病检出、进境口岸及隔离检疫场分布等数据,结合各来源国的疫病防控特点,有针对性地提出检疫要点,为我国全面提升进口奶牛的检疫水平、切实做好奶牛群体遗传改良计划、加快推进畜牧业转型升级提供参考。