Tethered spinal cord related to caudal spinal dysraphism in a tailless Holstein calf

A rare dysraphic caudal spinal anomaly, or caudal agenesis, comprising a tethered spinal cord, was found in a tailless Holstein calf that presented ataxia and paresis with analgesia of the hind limbs. The gently and slimly tapered conus medullaris was poorly formed between S2 and S3 which indicated that it was lying more caudally. The caudal end of the filum terminale adhered to the inner periosteum of the vertebral arch at S4, which is compatible with tethering of the spinal cord. The dysraphic changes from the secondary neurulation error and the longitudinal deranged cord morphology that may have been caused by the caudad traction due to tethering were confirmed. This represents the first bovine case with definitive morphological confirmation.     

Genetic evaluation of heat tolerance in Holstein cows in Japan

We used test‐day records and daily records from provincial weather stations in Japan to evaluate heat tolerance (HT) in Holstein cows according to a random regression test‐day model. Data were a total of 1,641,952 test‐day records for heritability estimates and 17,245,694 test‐day records for genetic evaluation of HT by using milk yield and somatic cell score (SCS) in Holstein cows that had calved for the first time in 2000 through 2015. Temperature–humidity index (THI) values were estimated by using average daily temperature and average daily relative humidity records from 60 provincial Japanese weather stations. The model contained herd–test‐day, with lactation curves on days in milk within month–age group as a fixed effect. General additive genetic effect and HT of additive genetic effect were included as random effects. The threshold value of THI was set to 60. For milk yield, estimated mean heritabilities were lower during heat stress (THI = 78; 0.20 and 0.28) than when below the heat stress threshold (THI ≤ 60; 0.26 and 0.31). For SCS, heritability estimates (range 0.08–0.10) were similar under all heat stress conditions. Genetic trends of HT indicated that EBVs of HT are changing in an undesirable direction.     

丹麦黑白花种公牛与不同品系黑白花母牛杂交组合配套的研究

本研究是“优秀种公牛高频采精及其机理研究”课题的一部分，目的是为深圳光明华侨畜牧场及其它奶牛场的奶牛生产选择最优秀种公牛和奶牛生产确定最佳组合配套。本研究选择了丹麦黑白花３头种公牛与中国黑白花母牛，新西兰黑白花母牛，中新杂黑白花母牛进行系间杂交，观察民收订了３０５头其后代女儿的生长发育和产奶量，乳脂率等主要经济性状资料。经统计分析，进行了杂交组合间和母女比较，并对杂交组合的产奶量和乳脂率进行了显著     

奶牛腰荐尾段脊髓灰质板层构筑的研究

本研究取８头初生黑白花奶牛的腰荐尾段脊髓，分节后横切成３ｍｍ厚的脊髓块。其中７例在切片剪用苯胺蓝或尼氏混合液的块染法作细胞染色；１例用Ｗｅｉｌ氏法作髓鞘染色。均作石蜡切片。结果表明：奶牛腰荐尾段脊髓灰质基本上象猫那样分为１０个板层，但在层的范围，形态，结构等方面也有自己的特点。本文还与其它一些动物和人的脊髓灰质板层构筑进行了比较。     

牛睫毛毛囊生长期毛乳头细胞cDNA表达文库的构建

为构建高质量的牛睫毛毛囊生长期毛乳头细胞cDNA表达文库,以新生荷斯坦牛上眼睑为组织材料,显微解剖分离出高纯度的生长期牛睫毛乳头,Trizol一步法提取总RNA后纯化mRNA;用ZAP Ex-press cDNA Synthesis Kit合成双链cDNA,进行末端修饰后接入ZAP表达载体。经GigapackⅢGold Pack-aging extract体外包装,转染XL1-Blue MRF′宿主菌,形成初级文库后进一步扩增,形成稳定的cDNA文库,文库库容量为3.3×107pfu/mL,重组率达95%。为进一步筛选、克隆生长期睫毛毛乳头特异性表达的基因、阐明睫毛毛囊发育的基因调控之分子机制奠定了研究基础。     

Effect of dietary phosphorus content on milk production and phosphorus excretion in dairy cows

Background：Phosphorus（P） supplementation is costly and can result in excess P excretion.This study investigated the effects of reducing dietary P on milk production and P excretion in dairy cows over a full lactation.Method：Forty-five multiparous Holstein dairy cows were divided into 15 blocks according to expected calving date and previous milk yield,and assigned randomly to one of the three dietary treatments：0.37,0.47,and 0.57%P（DM basis）;these P levels represent the NRC recommendations,Chinese recommendations,and the amount of dietary P commonly fed by Chinese dairy farmers,respectively.Average daily feed intake was calculated from monthly data on feed offered and refused.Milk yields of individual cows were recorded weekly,and milk samples were taken for analysis of protein,fat,solids-not-fat,lactose,and somatic cell count.Blood samples were collected on days-6,-3,0,3,6 relative to calving,and then monthly throughout lactation,and analyzed for P and Ca concentrations.Spot samples of feces and urine were collected for 3 consecutive d during weeks 12,24,and 36,and P concentrations were analyzed.Reproduction and health data were recorded.Results：Dietary P did not affect dry matter intake or milk yield（P〉 0.10）.Milk fat content was slightly higher in cows fed 0.37%P than in cows fed 0.47%P（P = 0.05）.Serum concentrations of P and Ca did not reflect dietary P content（P〉 0.10）.Fecal and urinary P both declined linearly（P〈 0.05） as dietary P decreased from 0.57 to0.37%.Fecal P content was 25%less when dietary P was 0.37%compared to 0.57%.Health events and reproductive performance were not associated with dietary P content（P〉 0.05）.Conclusions：Lowering dietary P from 0.57 to 0.37%did not negatively affect milk production,but did significantly reduce P excretion into environment.     

中国荷斯坦牛泌乳曲线拟合研究

为了解南方大型奶牛场中国荷斯坦牛泌乳曲线及其影响因素,利用5种泌乳曲线模型(Wood模型、Nelder 逆多项式模型、WIL模型、混合对数模型和Ali-Schaeffer模型)和4种时间间隔方式(天、周、旬和泌乳月),对海丰奶牛场2009-2010年度980头第1～5胎具有完整泌乳期的中国荷斯坦牛296 895次日产奶量记录进行泌乳曲线拟合,并进一步分析不同模型、时间间隔和胎次3个因素对泌乳曲线拟合度及其参数的影响.结果表明,5种模型泌乳曲线拟合度变化范围为0.839 7～0.954 1,不同模型和胎次极显著影响泌乳曲线拟合度(P＜0.01),时间间隔对泌乳曲线拟合度无显著影响(P＞0.05).Ali-Schaeffer模型拟合度最高,Nelder逆多项式模型拟合度最低;不论哪种泌乳曲线模型,第一胎拟合度均显著高于第三胎.不同模型、时间间隔和胎次均极显著影响参数a值(P＜0.01),模型极显著影响参数b值(P＜0.01),时间间隔显著影响参数b值(P＜0.05).模型和胎次均极显著影响高峰产奶量和产奶高峰日(P＜0.01).综合各方面情况,确定Ali-Schaeffer模型为适合于海丰奶牛场奶牛的最佳泌乳曲线模型.     

奶牛子宫复旧期间雌激素与孕酮变化规律的研究

子宫复旧是奶牛产后生殖器官恢复的一个重要时期,复旧时间的长短会直接影响产后第一次发情的时间。本试验为研究雌激素和孕酮在子宫复旧过程中的变化规律,选择了年龄、胎次相近,健康状况良好的产后奶牛15头,应用放射免疫分析法在子宫复旧期间每3d对雌激素、孕酮测定一次,前后持续10次,由试验数据可得出,雌激素、孕酮在子宫复旧早期阶段呈下降趋势,但在18d时浓度都达到了一个峰值,至末期时雌激素水平开始下降,而孕酮水平开始逐渐上升。     

奶牛日粮配制的营养需要原理与应用

奶牛日粮的配制是奶牛饲养管理的重要环节,本文根据奶牛的消化生理特性和反刍动物特殊营养需要的基本理论,着重讨论了各种营养物质对泌乳期和干乳期奶牛的功能作用和需要量,提供了一系列有生产实用价值的饲料营养应用数据资料,用以指导奶牛日粮的配制。