基于DCCA方法分析气候变化对四川省粮食产量的影响

选取四川省23个气象台站1961-2012年的年气温距平、降水量距平数据等气象资料以及四川省粮食产量数据,应用非线性时间序列的去趋势互相关分析（DCCA）方法对四川省粮食产量与年平均气温和年平均降水量两个主要气候因子的相关性及其随时间变化特征进行分析。结果表明：四川省粮食产量与年平均气温和年平均降水量这两个主要气候因子之间均表现出强烈的长期持续的正相关性特征,标度不变区间在52a以上。进一步对1990-2012年气候变化对四川省粮食产量的影响进行DCCA滑移分析,结果显示,尽管受到区域性气候暖干化趋势的影响,四川省粮食产量出现不稳定波动现象,但粮食产量整体受气候变化的影响程度在逐渐减弱,这可能得益于近年来四川省农业资金及科技力度的大幅投入。     

华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的氮素循环与平衡

对华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田氮素输入输出的数量特征、平衡状况进行了分析,并评估其优化潜力。研究表明,华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田每年的氮素输入中,化学氮肥、农家肥、降水、灌溉、非生物固氮和种子带入农田的氮分别为545、68、21、15、15和5kghm-2a-1,氮素年输入总量为669kghm-2a-1;每年的氮素输出中,作物收获带走的氮为311kghm-2a-1,而氨挥发、反硝化和淋洗损失的氮分别为120、16和136kghm-2a-1,氮素年输出总量为583kghm-2a-1;氮素年盈余量为86kghm-2a-1。目前我国华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田氮素处于大量赢余状态,从而导致氮素大量损失。因此,加强氮肥管理,提高氮肥利用率,加大有机肥施用的力度,是华北地区农田氮素资源管理的长期任务。     

翻压绿肥对烤烟大田生长及烤后烟产值效益的影响

为探索发展低碳烟草农业、构建资源节约型和环境友好型农业,促进特色烟叶开发和烟叶产业的可持续发展,通过田间试验,以绿肥黑麦草不同翻压量为基础,具体研究了翻压绿肥对烤烟大田生长及烤后烟产量和产值效益的影响。结果表明,烟田翻压绿肥能够明显调节烟株大田期的生长发育,促进烟株对矿质元素吸收、利用和储存。从烟株生长发育综合指标来看,以翻压量在22500~30000 kg/hm²时烟株生长较好,单株干物质积累、单株氮、磷、钾积累量最高。与对照相比,单株干物质积累量、单株氮、磷、钾积累量量最高增幅分别为19.84%、59.34%、34.94%、43.55%;同时,翻压绿肥能够明显提升烤后烟叶产量和产值效益相关指标,上中等烟比例、产量和产值最高分别增加16.13%、203.56 kg/hm²、3519.01元/hm²。     

投入产出分析在农业经济系统中的应用

农业产业化发展的最终目的是获得更大的经济效益。要获得最大的产投比或者最佳经济效益,必须有最为合理经济投入范围或比例。因此,可以利用符合我国社会主义市场经济规律且已为我国其他部门投资实践活动所成功应用的科学模型,即投入产出模型(投入产出分析),来进行农业系统的经济分析。为此,综述了投入产出分析的思想、内容、方法以及这一科学管理方法的具体运用;同时,对在农业方面如何应用投入产出分析实现管理科学化、提高管理水平和经济效益进行探讨.     

寒地早粳稻秆部性状与产量关系的研究

针对寒地特殊的生态环境,以180份不同基因型早粳稻为材料,较系统地探讨了秆部性状与产量及产量构成因素之间的相互关系。研究表明:在节间长度配置上,在一定范围之内,控制倒3节间长度、增加倒1、倒2节间的长度有利于提高产量,并且对倒1、倒3节间长的选择是最为有效的。在节间粗度配置上,在保证倒1节间粗的基础上,增加其下部节间的粗度有利于高产。增加基因型的基部节间重、单位茎鞘长干重、单株干重是有利于高产的。适当增加株高和秆长来提高生物产量可能是今后水稻超高产育种的发展方向。在进行茎部性状综合评价时,基部节间重、倒2节间粗、单位秆长干重和穗颈节长4个因子就足以代表12个茎部性状的全部信息量。     

Application of sperm cryopreservation in selective breeding of the Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg)

The robustness of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), sperm cryopreservation in the context of selective breeding based on family lines was investigated. Irrespective of egg density, high fertilization success was achieved with cryopreserved sperm when sperm:egg ratios of 1000:1 to 10 000:1 were used. Variation among replicate runs on the same oyster batches was minimal, indicating that cryopreservation and larval rearing procedures were repeatable. Twenty independent single male–female crosses were made to assess the utility of cryopreserved sperm in selective breeding. The fertility of unfrozen sperm was generally a poor predictor of cryopreserved sperm fertility. Based on D‐larval yields, 17 of the 20 crosses were likely to yield adequate spat for selective breeding (>10⁵ D‐larvae from 1 million eggs), two were marginal (5 × 10⁴ D‐larvae) and one was inadequate (4 × 10³ D‐larvae). An alternative fertilization strategy to improve D‐yield from a given number of sperm was then tested. Fertilizing 10 million eggs at a sperm:egg ratio of 200:1 increased the total D‐yield when compared with fertilizing 1 million eggs at a sperm:egg ratio of 2000:1 for the same male–female pair. We conclude that, despite wide variation in fertility, cryopreserved sperm is useful for family production.     

Evaluation of fertilizing capacity of cryopreserved rainbow trout sperm

ABSTRACT:   Experimental insemination was performed using artificially produced low-motility sperm. A mathematical model was applied to the results of the insemination in order to clarify the relationship between sperm motility, the density of sperm and the fertilization rate of eggs. In the model, the probability of fertilization by individual spermatozoa was a function of sperm density in the insemination solution. The results showed that the probability of fertilization clearly decreased with increased sperm density, and the maximum possible fertilizing rate by increasing the sperm density was constrained by the proportion of motile sperm (% motility). The model was also applied to the results of insemination tests of cryopreserved sperm in order to evaluate the fertilizing capacity of cryopreserved sperm. It was proven that cryopreserved sperm needed a higher density to obtain the maximum fertilization rate compared with fresh sperm, and it was anticipated that the ratio of the motile inseminated cryopreserved sperm should be more than 5.0% to achieve an egg fertilization rate greater than 90%.     

虾夷扇贝精子的主要生理特性与低温保存

试验结果表明,虾夷扇贝精子的最适盐度为23.2～32,最适pH 7.0～8.5.4℃,未稀释精液样品保存5 d后,精子仍有(26±4)%的活力,而经海水稀释后的精液保存70 h后,最高活力仅为(11±1.41)%,用抗冻液稀释的精液,4℃保存5 h后,得到最高的精子活力仅为(24.7±4.16)%.添加抗冻剂后,-18℃的保存效果明显低于4℃保存的未稀释样品.用4℃保存的未稀释精液与栉孔扇贝卵子进行杂交试验,保存3 d内的精子获得的授精率与对照组差异不显著(P0.05).杂交组的幼虫可以正常发育至D形幼虫,与自交组无区别.     

沈阳市优质高产水稻品种品比试验研究

对引进的14个水稻新品种进行品比试验,鉴定各品种的丰产性、抗逆性及适应条件。试验表明:适合在沈阳地区示范推广的主要品种为辽星1号、千重浪2号、盐粳68、辽优1052和盐丰47;辽优1052相对比较适宜沈阳市以南的中晚熟稻区,并提出了部分品种在推广中应注意的问题,为水稻品种的选用提供参考。     

性控奶山羊精液X和Y精子分离比例检测方法的建立

旨在建立可以定量计算奶山羊精液中X、Y精子数量的双重TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法,用以检测经过分离的奶山羊精液X和Y精子的数量和比例,为性控技术的开发和生产应用提供技术支撑.本研究选择X、Y染色体中特异基因F9及ZFY片段设计引物,建立标准曲线,优化荧光定量PCR反应体系和条件.通过对阳性标准品梯度稀释以及对60支已...