An introduction to markers, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and marker-assisted selection for crop improvement: The basic concepts

Recognizing the enormous potential of DNA markers in plant breeding, many agricultural research centers and plant breeding institutes have adopted the capacity for marker development and marker-assisted selection (MAS). However, due to rapid developments in marker technology, statistical methodology for identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and the jargon used by molecular biologists, the utility of DNA markers in plant breeding may not be clearly understood by non-molecular biologists. This review provides an introduction to DNA markers and the concept of polymorphism, linkage analysis and map construction, the principles of QTL analysis and how markers may be applied in breeding programs using MAS. This review has been specifically written for readers who have only a basic knowledge of molecular biology and/or plant genetics. Its format is therefore ideal for conventional plant breeders, physiologists, pathologists, other plant scientists and students.     

水稻Xa-5基因在水稻和玉米中的比较物理定位

比较基因组分析证明，玉米和水稻基因组间存在广泛的同线性和共线性。对水稻和玉米基因的原位杂交定位可以揭示禾本科植物基因组结构的共同特点和进化规律。用与Xa-5连锁的RG556及RG556筛选出的BAC克隆44B4作探针对水稻广陆矮四号和玉米自交系黄早四进行了原位杂交，在水稻第5号染色体短臂和玉米第8号染色体长臂检出了杂交信     

与亚洲棉光籽突变体DPL972中光籽基因紧密连锁的SSR分子标记的开发与应用

对棉纤维相关性状基因的克隆及遗传分析可为阐明纤维形成机制奠定良好基础.以野生型材料DPL971及其光籽突变体DPL972为亲本构建F2群体,其中光籽与毛籽性状分离比符合3∶1,表明突变体DPL972中的光籽基因为显性单基因(将其命名为GaFzl).结合棉花基因组数据,合成1567对SSR(Simple sequence repeat)引物,覆盖了A组13条染色体,标记多态性分析和群体连锁分析发现在染色体A08上存在15对与光籽基因GaFzl连锁的标记,其中最近的标记为SSR82,遗传距离为6.6 cM.本实验完成了GaFzl基因的染色体初步定位,开发了15个与其连锁的SSR标记,为下一步图位克隆奠定了基础.     

陆地棉遗传图谱构建及产量和纤维品质性状QTL定位

利用3 458对SSR引物筛选陆地棉中棉所35和渝棉1号间的多态性引物, 获得173对。以多态性引物检测(渝棉1号×中棉所35)F₂群体180个单株的标记基因型, 共获得178个标记位点。构建的遗传连锁图谱包括148个标记, 36个连锁群, 总长1 309.2 cM, 标记间平均距离8.8 cM, 覆盖棉花基因组的29.5%。36个连锁群中的28个分别被定位于20条染色体, 8个连锁群未定位于染色体。以渝棉1号×中棉所35的F₂、F_2:3群体的产量、纤维品质性状鉴定结果, 利用区间作图方法, 检测到4个产量性状QTL, 即2个衣分(LP)、1个铃重(BW)、1个籽指(SD); 5个纤维品质性状QTL, 即1个纤维长度(FL)、2个纤维比强度(FS)和2个纤维细度(FF)。LP1、BW、SD、FL和FS1被定位于第7染色体, LP2、FS2、FF1和FF2被分别位于第15、21、9和20染色体。5个纤维品质QTL的有利等位基因均来源于渝棉1号。     

关于Mapmaker/Exp遗传作图中标记分群和排序操作技术的讨论

Mapmaker/Exp (3.0)是国内外广泛使用的遗传连锁数据分析软件, 在分子标记数量大时(多于500个)往往出现所绘制连锁图谱图距偏大的现象。本文从标记分群和标记排序两个遗传作图环节分析原因并概括出以下两个实施要点：(1)标记分群不应强求同一LOD值, 对特殊的连锁群可试用不同LOD值; (2)在标记排序时, 一次order命令后用ripple命令反复梳理有时并不能获得最佳排列顺序, 而应多次使用order, 每次order后用ripple反复梳理, 经反复比较才能得出最佳排列顺序, 必要时还须结合人工调整。通过大豆遗传作图实例比较了软件推荐思路2的通常用法和作者建议的新用法所构建的遗传图谱及相应QTL定位的差异, 认为新用法具有更好的效果。     

红麻五个质量性状在遗传连锁图谱中的初步定位

红麻遗传连锁图谱的构建和性状的基因定位,可促进红麻的分子辅助育种研究的发展。本研究以埃及的阿联红麻与福建农林大学育成的高产优质抗病新品种福红992杂交,F₁和F₂自交衍生162个F_2:3家系为材料,在笔者已完成的红麻遗传连锁图谱构建的工作基础上,对红麻的叶柄色、叶形、花冠大小、花冠形状、后期茎色5个质量性状进行基因定位。用Mapmaker/Exp 3.0软件进行连锁分析,结果表明,后期茎色基因与叶柄色基因连锁,存在紧密的连锁关系,其遗传距离为2.8 cM,定位于第5条连锁群;花冠大小与花冠形状这2个基因之间也存在一定的连锁关系,其遗传距离为14.7 cM,定位于第6条连锁群,叶型与花冠大小和花冠形状的遗传距离分别为38.2 cM 与23.5 cM,虽然都定位于第6条连锁群,但是否存在连锁关系有待进一步研究。所获结果在红麻遗传学和育种学上有一定的现实意义和分子辅助育种实用价值。     

Genetic linkage map of Chinese native variety faba bean (Vicia faba L.) based on simple sequence repeat markers

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker is a powerful tool for construction of genetic linkage map which can be applied for quantitative trait loci (QTL) and marker‐assisted selection (MAS). In this study, a genetic map of faba bean was constructed with SSR markers using a 129 F₂ individuals population derived from the cross of Chinese native variety 91825 (large seed) and K1563 (small seed). By screening 11 551 SSR primers between two parents, 149 primer pairs were detected polymorphic and used for F₂ population analysis. This SSR‐based genetic linkage map consisted of 15 linkage groups with 128 SSR. The map encompassed 1587 cM with an average genetic distance of 12.4 cM. The genetic map generated in this study will be beneficial for genetic studies of faba bean for identification of marker‐locus‐trait associations as well as comparative mapping among faba bean, pea and grasspea.     

Map- vs. homology-based cloning for the recessive gene ol-2 conferring resistance to tomato powdery mildew

The recessive gene ol-2 confers papilla-associated and race-non-specific resistance to tomato powdery mildew caused by Oidium neolycopersici. In order to facilitate marker assisted selection (MAS) in practical breeding programmes, we identified two simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and one cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker which are linked to the resistance locus and co-dominantly inherited. Aiming to provide a base for ol-2 positional cloning, we used a large segregating F₂ population to merge these markers with all the ol-2 linked amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP^®) markers previously identified in an integrated genetic map. By screening a tomato bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library, we detected two BAC clones containing two expressed sequence tags (ESTs) homologous to the gene mlo, responsible for powdery mildew resistance in barley, as well as an ol-2-linked marker. Chromosomal mapping by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) revealed major signals of the two BAC DNAs in the pericentromeric heterochromatin of the short arm of chromosome 4, in the same region where the ol-2 gene was previously mapped. The genetic and cytogenetic co-localisation between ol-2 and tomato mlo-homologue(s), in addition to the similarity of ol-2 and mlo resistances for both genetic and phytopathological characteristics, suggests that ol-2 is likely a mlo-homologue. Thus, a homology-based cloning approach could be more suitable than positional cloning for ol-2 isolation.     

‘新世纪梨’ב崇化大梨’F1代分子遗传连锁图谱的构建

研究目的在于为以后控制重要农艺性状的QTL定位、梨分子标记辅助育种及品种改良提供基础理论。利用‘新世纪梨’ב崇化大梨’杂交得到的210 株F1代实生苗为作图群体,对分离群体进行了ISSR、SRAP、SSR 标记的多态性检测,共得到154 条多态性条带,其中偏离孟德尔遗传比例的含21.4%(P＜0.01)。应用JoinMap 4.0 软件对154 个多态性条带进行遗传连锁分析,构建了一张包括9 个SSR标记,79个SRAP标记,8个ISSR标记,合计96个标记分属于14个连锁群的遗传图谱,图谱总长度为1530 cM,平均图距为16.1 cM,最大的连锁群含有64个标记,最小遗传距离小于0.1 cM。     

基于绿视率的城市绿化评估——以武汉江汉区为例

目前我国仍以3大传统绿化指标评估城市绿化的二维情况,缺乏三维空间绿化效果评估。文章以武汉市江汉区为例,采用系统抽样法,将江汉区划分为472个250m×250m网格,基于腾讯地图的街景图像计算绿视率,从江汉区绿视率整体空间格局、不同用地类型绿视率差异性以及绿化覆盖率对绿视率的影响等方面评估该片区的三维绿化,结果显示:1)江汉区不同区域绿视率差异较大,平均值为16.26%;2)公园绿地、居住用地、商业用地的绿视率依次递减;3)绿视率随绿化覆盖率的增加而增加,但其增长趋势逐渐趋缓。