棉花抗黄萎病基因的QTL定位

以高感黄萎病的陆地棉品种"邯郸208"与高抗黄萎病海岛棉品种"Pima90"的136个F2单株为作图群体,构建了一个包括17个连锁群、标记间平均间距18.61cM、全长1842.8cM的陆海种间分子标记遗传连锁图,该图约覆盖棉花基因组的36.8%。单因子方差分析和复合区间作图检测到与黄萎病抗性相关的3个QTL,分别位于第四连锁群和第七连锁群上,分别解释表型变异方差的15.39%、54.11%和57.18%。初步认为海岛棉"Pima90"对陆地棉"邯郸208"的黄萎病抗性由两个主效QTL和一个微效QTL共同控制。     

A genetic map of macadamia based on randomly amplified DNA fingerprinting (RAF) markers

The first genetic linkage map of macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia and M. tetraphylla) is presented. The map is based on 56 F₁ progeny of cultivars ‘Keauhou’ and ‘A16’. Eighty-four percent of the 382 markers analysed segregated as Mendelian loci. The two-way pseudo-testcross mapping strategy allowed construction of separate parental cultivar maps. Ninety bridging loci enabled merging of these maps to produce a detailed genetic map of macadamia, 1100 cm in length and spanning 70–80% of the genome. The combined map comprised 24 linkage groups with 265 framework markers: 259 markers from randomly amplified DNA fingerprinting (RAF), five random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and one sequence-tagged microsatellite site (STMS). The RAF marker system unexpectedly revealed 16 codominant markers, one of them a putative microsatellite locus and exhibiting four distinct alleles in the cross. This molecular study is the most comprehensive examination to date of genetic loci of macadamia, and is a major step towards developing marker-assisted selection for this crop. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

‘新世纪梨’ב崇化大梨’F1代分子遗传连锁图谱的构建

研究目的在于为以后控制重要农艺性状的QTL定位、梨分子标记辅助育种及品种改良提供基础理论。利用‘新世纪梨’ב崇化大梨’杂交得到的210 株F1代实生苗为作图群体,对分离群体进行了ISSR、SRAP、SSR 标记的多态性检测,共得到154 条多态性条带,其中偏离孟德尔遗传比例的含21.4%(P＜0.01)。应用JoinMap 4.0 软件对154 个多态性条带进行遗传连锁分析,构建了一张包括9 个SSR标记,79个SRAP标记,8个ISSR标记,合计96个标记分属于14个连锁群的遗传图谱,图谱总长度为1530 cM,平均图距为16.1 cM,最大的连锁群含有64个标记,最小遗传距离小于0.1 cM。     

红麻五个质量性状在遗传连锁图谱中的初步定位

红麻遗传连锁图谱的构建和性状的基因定位,可促进红麻的分子辅助育种研究的发展。本研究以埃及的阿联红麻与福建农林大学育成的高产优质抗病新品种福红992杂交,F₁和F₂自交衍生162个F_2:3家系为材料,在笔者已完成的红麻遗传连锁图谱构建的工作基础上,对红麻的叶柄色、叶形、花冠大小、花冠形状、后期茎色5个质量性状进行基因定位。用Mapmaker/Exp 3.0软件进行连锁分析,结果表明,后期茎色基因与叶柄色基因连锁,存在紧密的连锁关系,其遗传距离为2.8 cM,定位于第5条连锁群;花冠大小与花冠形状这2个基因之间也存在一定的连锁关系,其遗传距离为14.7 cM,定位于第6条连锁群,叶型与花冠大小和花冠形状的遗传距离分别为38.2 cM 与23.5 cM,虽然都定位于第6条连锁群,但是否存在连锁关系有待进一步研究。所获结果在红麻遗传学和育种学上有一定的现实意义和分子辅助育种实用价值。     

关于Mapmaker/Exp遗传作图中标记分群和排序操作技术的讨论

Mapmaker/Exp (3.0)是国内外广泛使用的遗传连锁数据分析软件, 在分子标记数量大时(多于500个)往往出现所绘制连锁图谱图距偏大的现象。本文从标记分群和标记排序两个遗传作图环节分析原因并概括出以下两个实施要点：(1)标记分群不应强求同一LOD值, 对特殊的连锁群可试用不同LOD值; (2)在标记排序时, 一次order命令后用ripple命令反复梳理有时并不能获得最佳排列顺序, 而应多次使用order, 每次order后用ripple反复梳理, 经反复比较才能得出最佳排列顺序, 必要时还须结合人工调整。通过大豆遗传作图实例比较了软件推荐思路2的通常用法和作者建议的新用法所构建的遗传图谱及相应QTL定位的差异, 认为新用法具有更好的效果。     

陆地棉遗传图谱构建及产量和纤维品质性状QTL定位

利用3 458对SSR引物筛选陆地棉中棉所35和渝棉1号间的多态性引物, 获得173对。以多态性引物检测(渝棉1号×中棉所35)F₂群体180个单株的标记基因型, 共获得178个标记位点。构建的遗传连锁图谱包括148个标记, 36个连锁群, 总长1 309.2 cM, 标记间平均距离8.8 cM, 覆盖棉花基因组的29.5%。36个连锁群中的28个分别被定位于20条染色体, 8个连锁群未定位于染色体。以渝棉1号×中棉所35的F₂、F_2:3群体的产量、纤维品质性状鉴定结果, 利用区间作图方法, 检测到4个产量性状QTL, 即2个衣分(LP)、1个铃重(BW)、1个籽指(SD); 5个纤维品质性状QTL, 即1个纤维长度(FL)、2个纤维比强度(FS)和2个纤维细度(FF)。LP1、BW、SD、FL和FS1被定位于第7染色体, LP2、FS2、FF1和FF2被分别位于第15、21、9和20染色体。5个纤维品质QTL的有利等位基因均来源于渝棉1号。     

水稻Xa-5基因在水稻和玉米中的比较物理定位

比较基因组分析证明，玉米和水稻基因组间存在广泛的同线性和共线性。对水稻和玉米基因的原位杂交定位可以揭示禾本科植物基因组结构的共同特点和进化规律。用与Xa-5连锁的RG556及RG556筛选出的BAC克隆44B4作探针对水稻广陆矮四号和玉米自交系黄早四进行了原位杂交，在水稻第5号染色体短臂和玉米第8号染色体长臂检出了杂交信     

QTL mapping of volatile compounds in ripe apples detected by proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry

The availability of genetic linkage maps enables the detection and analysis of QTLs contributing to quality traits of the genotype. Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS), a relatively novel spectrometric technique, has been applied to measure the headspace composition of the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted by apple fruit genotypes of the progeny ‘Fiesta’ × ‘Discovery’. Fruit samples were characterised by their PTR-MS spectra normalised to total area. QTL analysis for all PTR-MS peaks was carried out and 10 genomic regions associated with the peaks at m/z = 28, 43, 57, 61, 103, 115 and 145 were identified (LOD > 2.5). We show that it is possible to find quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to PTR-MS characterisation of the headspace composition of single whole apple fruits indicating the presence of a link between molecular characterisation and PTR-MS data. We provide tentative information on the metabolites related to the detected QTLs based on available chemical information. A relation between apple skin colour and peaks related to carbonyl compounds was established. The two authors contributed equally to this work.     

An introduction to markers, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and marker-assisted selection for crop improvement: The basic concepts

Recognizing the enormous potential of DNA markers in plant breeding, many agricultural research centers and plant breeding institutes have adopted the capacity for marker development and marker-assisted selection (MAS). However, due to rapid developments in marker technology, statistical methodology for identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and the jargon used by molecular biologists, the utility of DNA markers in plant breeding may not be clearly understood by non-molecular biologists. This review provides an introduction to DNA markers and the concept of polymorphism, linkage analysis and map construction, the principles of QTL analysis and how markers may be applied in breeding programs using MAS. This review has been specifically written for readers who have only a basic knowledge of molecular biology and/or plant genetics. Its format is therefore ideal for conventional plant breeders, physiologists, pathologists, other plant scientists and students.     

基于各向异性核扩散法的杨树叶特征降维

对缺水与正常杨树苗叶片进行特征分析与降维处理。首先对样本进行光照补偿并去除奇异性;然后对样本数据空间进行归一化处理,提出采用基于各向异性核扩散法对缺水与正常样本数据空间进行降维,核参数采用最大类间距离法自适应调整;最后根据最大信噪比原则选择降维子空间维数,获得识别特征。分别对各向异性核扩散法、LE、LTSA以及PCA进行分析比较,对于叶脉较粗的杨树叶片,采用各向异性核扩散法效果较好,能保持空间的几何关系。采用SVM分类法对不同算法提取的特征进行分类,结果表明本文提出的算法提取的杨树叶特征分类效果较好。