烟后稻抛栽育秧技术研究与应用

通过不同的软盘、育秧方式、播种密度、施氮量、化控次数等烟后稻抛栽育秧试验和多年试验示范结果,提出"选盘、旱育、稀播、适氮、化控"等烟后稻抛栽育秧关键技术。通过生产验证表明,应用该育秧关键技术,不仅能解决烟后种植中迟熟超级稻品种抛栽出现长秧龄、育壮秧难、产量不高等问题,还能有效提高烟后茬超级稻产量水平。     

义红一号果蔗无公害标准化栽培技术

介绍义红一号果蔗无公害标准化栽培技术。     

惠州龙眼树上铁皮石斛仿生态栽培技术

该文主要介绍了龙眼树上铁皮石斛的仿生态栽培技术,首先要选择适宜的栽培场地和场地设施,然后进行移栽,并从光照、水分、施肥和病虫害防治方面着重综述了其管理要点,为铁皮石斛大面积的仿生态栽培提供了技术参考.     

孜然套种糯玉米间毛豆高效栽培技术

孜然芹．糯玉米．毛豆三种作物在一个生产年度内在同一田块上种植,能显著提高光合产量,土地利用率和经济效益。本文主要对孜然套糯玉米再间作毛豆的栽培技术和生产环节进行了详细阐述,并提出了一些高效的耕作和管理思想,以期为生产户服务。     

不同杂交技术对小麦×玉米产生单倍体的影响

首次在小麦与玉米杂交产生小麦单倍体方法中应用改良垂直穗轴剪颖剪药授粉技术和不去雄授粉技术,并与常规去雄授粉技术进行比较。其结果:平均胚产生频率常规去雄授粉技术为29.9％,改良垂直穗轴剪颖剪药授粉技术为21.4％,不去雄授粉技术为17.2％。3种杂交技术之间植株产生频率十分接近,分别是81.0％、81.8％和78.9％。尽管统计分析表明3种杂交技术间胚产生频率存在着显著差异,但是改良垂直剪颖剪药技术工序少,操作简便,速度快,工效高,应是首先推荐使用的技术。4个小麦品种的胚产生频率在18.5％～29.1％间(平均22.6％),存在着显著差异。植株产生频率在74.4％～87.2％之间,平均为80.6％。     

Breeding wheat and rye for resistance to Fusarium diseases

Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum Groups 1 and 2 cause seedling blight, crown rot, foot rot and head blight in wheat and rye that may affect grain yield and quality for baking and feeding. This review starts with an analysis of Fusarium populations with regard to their genetic variation for aggressiveness, mycotoxin production, and isolate-by-host genotype interaction. To assess resistance in the different host growth stages, quantitative inoculation and disease assessment techniques are necessary. Based on estimated population parameters, breeding strategies are reviewed to improve Fusarium resistance in wheat and rye. Epidemiological and toxicological aspects of Fusarium resistance that are important for resistance breeding are discussed. F. culmorum and F. graminearum display large genetic variation for aggressiveness in isolate collections and in naturally occurring populations. The production of mycotoxins, especially deoxynivalenol and its derivatives, is a common trait in these populations. Significant isolate-by-host genotype interactions were not found across environments in wheat and rye. Artificial infections in the field are indispensable for improving Fusarium crown rot, foot rot and head blight resistance in wheat and rye. For a reliable disease assessment of large populations, disease severity ratings were found to be the most convenient. The differentiation of host resistance is greatly influenced by an array of nongenetic factors (macro-environment, microclimate, host growth stage, host organ) that show significant interactions with host genotype. Selection for environmentally stable resistance has to be performed in several environments under a maximum array of different infection levels. Selection in early growth stages or on one plant organ does not in most cases allow prediction of resistance in adult-plant stages or another plant organ. Significant genetic variation for resistance exists for all Fusarium-incited diseases in breeding populations of wheat and rye. The patho-systems studied displayed a prevalence of additive gene action with no consistent specific combining ability effects and thus rapid progress can be expected from recurrent selection. In wheat, intensive testing of parental genotypes allows good prediction of the mean head blight resistance after crossing. Subsequent selection during selfing generations enables the use of transgression towards resistance. In hybrid breeding of winter rye, the close correlation between foot rot resistance of inbred lines and their GCA effects implies that selection based on the lines per se should be highly effective. This is not valid for F. culmorum head blight of winter rye caused by a greater susceptibility of the inbred lines compared to their crosses. For both foot rot and head blight resistance, a high correlation between the resistance to F. graminearum and F. culmorum was found in wheat and rye. Mycotoxin accumulation occurs to a great extent in naturally and artificially infected plant stands. The correlation between resistance traits and mycotoxin contents are medium and highly dependent on the environment. Further experiments are needed to clarify whether greater resistance will lead to a correlated reduction of the mycotoxin content of the grains under natural infection.     

Rapid Screening for Aluminum Tolerance in Cereals by Use of the Chlorophyll Fluorescence Test

The effects of aluminum on the photosynthetic apparatus were examined in cereals grown in nutrient solutions (pH 4.5) at two Al levels (0 and 148 μM). The chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics results confirmed that the soft wheat ‘BHG’ cultivar has the potential for growth on acid soils while triticale cultivars ‘Niovi’ and ‘Dada’ appeared to be relatively tolerant. The percentage decrease in F_v/F_m of the less tolerant cultivars after Al-treatment indicated a decrease in the efficiency of the primary photochemistry of PS II, while the decrease in the ratio F_V/F_osuggested that exposure of the cultivars ‘Dio’ and ‘Appulo E’ to aluminum caused injury to the thylakoid structure. The percentage fluctuations of the ratio F_v/F_mwere shown to correlate very closely with the assessment of injury as evaluated by the relative top fresh weight. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence in vivo could be used to monitor injury caused by “Al-stress”, and thus they may serve as a rapid screening test for Al tolerance.     

Ein allgemeiner Ansatz zur Quantifizierung des Einflusses der Güte der Sätechnik auf den Flächenertrag

A general approach to determine the effect of accuracy of sowing technique on yield per area
Caused by nonperfect seed placement accuracy of sowing machines as well as by many other abiotic and biotic factors the resulting plant stands exhibit nonregular plant distributions. Based on several simplifying assumptions a stochastic approach provides a quantitative determination of the effects of accuracy of sowing technique on yield per area. In this approach, two random variables are assigned to each individual plant: single plant yield E and single plant area A, which is calculated in this paper by the construction and quadrature of the so-called Thiessen-polygons. The yield per area F is calculated as the expectation of the ratio E/A. By assuming a deterministic mathematical relationship between E and A, the calculation of F reduces to the calculation of the expectation of a function of only one random variable A. A simple approximation with sufficient accuracy for many applications only depends on the mean and on the variance of the areas of the individual plants. For demonstration purposes, the theoretical approaches and results have been finally applied to three data sets for drilled seeds of winter oilseed rape (plant density: 60 plants/m² and distance between rows: 10 cm). These data sets exhibit different accuracies of the longitudinal distributions within rows which have been quantitatively measured by the coefficient of variation for the distances between plants within rows: Yield depression increases with an increasing variability of plant distances within rows.     

冬枣采后臭氧去感染技术研究

为了探索臭氧去感染技术对采后冬枣的贮藏保鲜效果,以冬枣为试材,研究不同臭氧浓度、不同处理次数、不同包装材料对其保鲜效果的影响。通过测定冬枣VC含量、硬度、可溶性固形物含量以及果品表面病菌数量、好果率,发现臭氧处理能够有效抑制冬枣的腐烂,延缓冬枣VC含量、硬度和可溶性固形物的下降。结果表明：臭氧处理冬枣的最佳浓度为40 mg/m3,可使冬枣的保鲜期达到120天,处理次数和包装材料对冬枣的保鲜效果影响较小。     

酪蛋白糖巨肽的生理功能特性及其应用

阐述了酪蛋白糖巨肽(CGMP)的化学结构、制备、分离纯化、检测方法和生物学性质,及研究现状与应用前景。