土壤物理学研究的现状、挑战与任务

根据新近土壤物理学研究进展,论述了土壤物理学在土壤学中的定位和在自然科学和社会可持续发展中的地位;从研究的对象、内容、尺度、理论、方法和测定技术方面,阐述了土壤物理学的研究现状;分析了新形势下土壤物理学面临的挑战;提出了我国土壤物理学研究未来10年5个方面的主要任务,即:农业可持续发展中的土壤物理问题,土壤结构形成过程及其稳定性,土壤中能量传输和物质运移过程,土壤性状及过程的时空变异与尺度转化,土壤物理过程与土壤化学、土壤生物过程的耦合。     

Effects of post-harvest foliar boron and calcium applications on subsequent season's pollen germination and pollen tube growth of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar boron and calcium application after harvest on the quantity and activity of pollen in the ‘Housui’ and ‘Wonwhang’ pears on a subsequent year. Pollen grains of the ‘Housui’ pear were cultured on germination medium, to which had been added boric acid (0, 25, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg L⁻¹) and calcium nitrate (0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, and 500 mg L⁻¹). Boric acid, which was added to the germination media, exerted a significant stimulatory effect on both pollen germination and pollen tube growth, although pollen tube growth was inhibited at higher concentrations than 300 mg L⁻¹. Calcium nitrate addition stimulated pollen germination, except at concentration of 500 mg L⁻¹. However, pollen tube growth was significantly inhibited with increasing concentrations of calcium nitrate. In the orchard experiment, boron and calcium were sprayed at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 500 or 1000 mg L⁻¹ onto leaves after harvest, respectively. Boron and calcium content in the tissues as well as pollen production and growth were determined after these treatments. The foliar application of boron mainly resulted in an increase of boron concentration in buds. It also induced an increase in the weight of the anther and pollen in the following year. On the other hand, the foliar application of calcium resulted in an increase of calcium concentration mainly in the leaves, but pollen weight was decreased at high concentration treatment in the following year. The germination rate and tube growth of collected pollen were highest in the trees which had received boron treatment at a concentration of 200 mg L⁻¹. In contrast, the germination rate and tube growth of collected pollen were decreased by calcium application at concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg L⁻¹ without significant increase at lower concentrations. Consequently, the accumulation of boron in the developed buds of pear trees subjected to post-harvest foliar boron application generated positive effects on both the quantity and quality of pollen in the following year.     

几个鸢尾新品种栽培研究

对几种在郑州地区新引进的德国彩花鸢尾进行了栽培研究。结果表明:不朽白和黑骑士生长较旺,花朵较大,但开花率低,花期较短,繁殖系数低;黄娃娃和血石长势中庸,花朵中等,开花率高,花期较长,繁殖系数也高;金娃娃与黄链长势中庸偏下,花朵较小,但花期较长,金娃娃繁殖系数中等,黄链繁殖系数最低;紫边白植株矮小,长势较弱,花朵也小,但花期较长,繁殖系数较低。无论任何品种在郑州地区均能良好生长,且其生长、开花、繁殖均与土壤肥沃、疏松、排水良好呈正相关。     

盆栽竹芋的养护要点及老苗快速复壮技术

针对竹芋对环境因子敏感、栽培技术要求高,易出现叶片生理病害及叶斑病、根茎腐病等病害的情况,介绍了竹芋小苗、大苗期盆栽不同生长时期栽培管理的要点.针对盆花养护与栽培中出现的秋季、冬春季普遍存在大量失去美感的盆栽竹芋老苗,通过大量养护复壮工作,总结了秋季盆栽竹芋适当重剪、夏季高温后盆栽加强遮荫与叶面喷水、长期室内摆放后的老苗适当增光控水迅速复壮技术;春季分盆换土、保湿、保温促新芽萌发的低温冬季后的竹芋盆花彻底复壮技术.     

不同栽培方式对甜菜产质量的影响

2006～2007年进行了2年4个点的甜菜覆膜直播栽培（CK）、甜菜纸筒育苗平地移栽、甜菜纸筒育苗覆膜移栽、甜菜纸筒育苗起高垄移栽4种种植方式试验。结果表明,后3种种植方式,根产量、含糖率和产糖量,除了纸筒育苗覆膜移栽的含糖率低于覆膜直播外,均比对照增产增糖。农户种植纯收入比覆膜直播增加1095-3315元／hm^2,企业效益除纸筒育苗覆膜移栽低于覆膜直播．其它高于对照。     

瓦尼木层孔菌及其人工栽培技术

瓦尼木层孔菌是近年来发现的一种珍贵药用真菌,其野生资源稀少,无法满足市场需求,特此对瓦尼木层孔菌的形态特征、生态习性及人工栽培技术进行介绍。     

Application of crop growth simulation and mathematical modeling to supply chain management in the Thai sugar industry

The poorly integrated cane supply planning between mills and cane growers in the Northeast of Thailand generates an excess of cane supplies that exceeds the mills’ capacity during the peak of harvest season. Each grower individually determines his/her cultivation plan by selecting planting dates and cultivars based on one’s own preference without taking into account the individual mill’s capacity and other growers’ plans. This situation causes most sugarcane grown in this area to reach its mature stage at the same period. In this study, we propose a framework of cultivation planning to cope with the problem. The focus of the cultivation plan is a long-term plan to determine the cultivation time, the cultivar selection and the corresponding prospective harvesting time window for each field such that overall sugar production is optimized.The crop growth model and a mathematical model are employed for yield simulation and optimization task. The crop growth model enables decision-makers to visualize cane production of each individual field at different dates with different cultivars and allow decision-makers to apply the mathematical programming to cultivation planning. The suggested framework has the potential to increase sugar production by 23% when compared to the traditional method.     

不同栽培密度和钾钠离子处理对基质培番茄产量与品质的影响

以优质番茄品种京采6 号为试材,研究了不同栽培密度（3.8、5.0 株 · m^-2）与离子处理（K⁺、Na⁺）对基质培番茄生长、产量与品质的影响,构建了番茄果实品质综合评价指数TQI。结果表明：提高营养液中的K⁺ 浓度,能够在不影响产量的同时增加番茄第2 穗果实可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、糖酸比和VC 含量;栽培密度对番茄产量和品质的影响较小;栽培密度× 离子互作显著影响了第1 穗果实有机酸、亚硝酸盐含量与糖酸比;第2 穗果是生产高品质番茄的关键,其在3.8 株 · m^-2与高K+ 营养液条件下可获得最高的TQI。综合来看,建议在实际生产中控制栽培密度为3.8 株 · m^-2,同时采用高K+ 营养液灌溉,可在稳产条件下获得高品质番茄。     

南方日本落叶松嫁接苗培育技术研究初报

研究各因素对南方日本落叶松嫁接苗成活率的影响.结果表明,操作人员嫁接技术熟练程度、接穗质量、外界条件及管理水平均对日本落叶松的嫁接成活率有较大影响.在操作人员嫁接技术熟练,接穗健康、芽体饱满、粗壮,苗圃地质量较好(土壤较干燥),嫁接时天气晴朗,嫁接后管理较好的条件下,日本落叶松在中国南方亚高山地区的嫁接成活率很高(88.7%以上).     

惠州龙眼树上铁皮石斛仿生态栽培技术

该文主要介绍了龙眼树上铁皮石斛的仿生态栽培技术,首先要选择适宜的栽培场地和场地设施,然后进行移栽,并从光照、水分、施肥和病虫害防治方面着重综述了其管理要点,为铁皮石斛大面积的仿生态栽培提供了技术参考.