农作物秸秆利用技术现状及发展对策

农作物秸秆作为一种重要的可再生生物质资源,它的合理开发利用越来越受到人们的关注。介绍了秸秆综合利用的现状,包括还田技术、能源化技术、饲料化技术和工业应用技术等。这些技术虽然均能够在一定程度上将秸秆资源化利用,但在实际应用中仍存在一些不足。因此,进一步开发秸秆综合利用新技术,实现秸秆利用的资源化、高效化和产业化是发展的必然趋势。     

The use of a water budget model and yield maps to characterize water availability in a landscape

Crop yield maps may contain substantial corollary information regarding the distribution of yield related soil properties across a landscape. One of these properties is water holding capacity (WHC). Since WHC is an important parameter for crop models and is also critical for crop yield, our objective was to determine if WHC could be estimated by matching simulated yield with yield map data. We collected soil cores for water retention measurements and recorded plant phenological stages from 60 plots on four transects over two growing seasons (1997 and 1998). Soil cores were also sampled on 40 other locations set out on a grid pattern. We utilized a simple water budget model that uses the relative transpiration ratio to calculate relative yield from available water in the soil profile. Rainfall, potential evapotranspiration and soil water holding capacity are input. An optimization program varies the WHC to produce a grain yield similar to the one from the yield map at a particular location. This analysis was carried out over several scales by averaging yields over 55 m×71 m, 27 m×35 m, and 11 m×14 m areas. Yield data from 2 years were used. Yields from the transects in both years were significantly related to measured WHC in the surface 0–10 cm of soil. The calculated stress indices from the water budget model and estimated available WHC calculated for the 1997 data were similar to those calculated for the 1998 data where data were aggregated in 27 by 35 m or larger blocks. The contour map of estimated WHC was similar to the map of measured WHC for some features though there were also some differences. Use of multiple years of yield data are required to give stable results for estimated water holding capacities.. This information could be used in a farm management plan by allowing a producer to classify a field into areas that are buffered against drought and areas more susceptible to drought.     

济宁地区1970～2012年热量资源变化特征及其对作物生长的影响

利用济宁地区11个县站1970~2012年逐日气象观测资料,运用最小二乘法进行线性倾向估计,分析济宁地区主要热量资源的时间、空间变化趋势及其对作物生长的影响。结果表明:济宁近43年作物生长季年平均气温整体呈阶段性上升趋势,增温速率为0.30℃/10a;≥0℃活动积温为5 222.1℃·d,增加速率为86.7℃·d/10a;≥10℃的积温为4 777.2℃·d,增温速率为77.4℃·d/10a;0℃负积温绝对值为99.1℃·d,增温速率为14.1℃·d/10a。≥0℃、≥10℃持续的日数增加4.5天和3.2天,稳定通过≥0℃、≥10℃初日提前了3天和2天,≥0℃、≥10℃的终日分别晚2天和1天。作物生长季内有效积温的增加,使冬小麦—夏玉米的生产系统受到显著影响,其中冬前生长积温增加导致传统播期的冬小麦冬前旺长,因此冬小麦须推迟播期以适应气候变暖带来的不利影响;对于夏玉米来说,由于热量的增加和冬小麦播期的推后,改变了原有套种模式,可以推迟至小麦收获后进行夏直播。     

Do effects of soil compaction persist after ploughing? Results from 21 long-term field experiments in Sweden

The extent and persistence of the effect of soil compaction in a system with annual ploughing were investigated in 21 long-term field experiments in Sweden with a total of 259 location-years. Crop yield, soil physical properties and plant establishment were determined. All experiments had two common treatments: control (no extra traffic) and compacted (350 Mg km ha⁻¹ of experimental traffic in the autumn prior to ploughing), using a tractor and trailer with traditional wheel equipment and an axle load restricted to 4 Mg. During the rest of the year, both treatments were conventionally and equally tilled. The compaction was repeated each autumn for at least 7 years, and the yield was determined each year until 5 years after the termination of the compaction treatment.

Compaction decreased the porosity and the proportion of large pores and increased the tensile strength of dry aggregates. On clay and loam soils, it decreased the proportion of fine aggregates in the seedbed and the gravimetric soil water content in the seedbed.

The yield in the compacted treatment declined compared with the control during the first 4 years, after which it reached steady state. During this steady state, the compaction treatment caused a yield loss of 11.4%, averaged over 107 location-years. Within 4–5 years after the termination of the compaction treatment, the yield returned to the control level. The average yield loss at individual sites increased with increasing clay content.

Results from additional treatments indicated that yield loss was linearly correlated with the amount of traffic up to 300–400 Mg km ha⁻¹. With greater ground contact pressure or a greater soil water content at time of traffic, there was a greater yield loss.

Soil compaction effects on yield were similar for all spring-sown crops, and the percentage yield loss seemed to be independent of the yield. In a few location-years with winter wheat there was on average no yield decrease.

There were 5.1% less plants in the compacted treatment than in the control. The yield decrease was significantly correlated with the number of plants.

Between years results were highly variable, and no consistent correlations between yield loss and soil water content at the time of traffic or the weather conditions during the growing period were found. Soil compaction affected yield during years with good as well as poor conditions for crop growth.     

基于EOS/MODIS数据的裸土多层土温遥感反演研究——以陕西省为例

以EOS/MODIS为数据源,采用地表温度(LST)遥感信息模型耦合土壤温度CERES模型反演多层裸土土温。结果表明:土壤温度的模拟值与实测值的变化趋势比较一致,不同土层反演值和地面观察值的相关性均达极显著水平;5~60 cm土层土壤温度的平均绝对误差随土层加深逐渐降低,40~60 cm土层土壤温度的平均绝对误差降至1℃以内,但80、160 cm两层的反演精度误差则相对较大,说明结合其他模型,遥感能够反演一定深度土层的土壤温度,并达到一定精度。     

杂草对作物产量损失预测的复合函数模型

本文根据杂草与作物在田间竞争所表现出的三大特征，应用幂函数与双曲线函数的复合模型（y=d^r/（a＋bd^l）来模拟杂草密度与作物产量间的关系，通过对7组不同来源的杂草与作物竞争资料的模拟，证明幂双曲线函数复合模型具有实际的生物学意义，能准确地描述多种杂草和多种作物间的竞争关系，预测杂草为害作物可能造成的产量损失。为杂草的经济防除和进一步建立杂草防除的生态经济阚值模型提供科学的依据。     

不同轮耕方式对渭北旱塬麦玉轮作田土壤物理性状与产量的影响

为研究不同轮作模式对渭北旱作冬小麦?春玉米一年1熟轮作田土壤物理性状和产量的影响,于2007—2014年在陕西省合阳县冬小麦?春玉米轮作田连续7年实施了保护性耕作定位试验,测定和分析了免耕/深松、深松/翻耕、翻耕/免耕、连续免耕、连续深松和连续翻耕6种轮耕模式下麦田0~60 cm土层物理性状、0~200 cm土层土壤湿度和小麦产量的变化。结果表明:1)不同轮耕模式0~40 cm土层土壤容重、孔隙度和田间持水量差异显著,其中以免耕/深松效果最显著;0~60 cm土层免耕/深松轮耕处理平均田间持水量较连续翻耕处理提高12.9%;2)轮耕对土壤团聚体特性影响明显,免耕/深松0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量(R0.25)最高,结构体破碎率和不稳定团粒指数(ELT)最低,水稳性均重直径(WMWD)最高,水稳性和力稳性团聚体分形维数(D)均最低;3)小麦生育期间免耕/深松处理0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量和小麦产量较连续翻耕分别增加17.7 mm和9.5%。综合可知,轮耕有利于耕层土壤物理结构改善,免耕/深松更有利于耕层土壤大团聚体形成和土壤结构稳定,利于土壤蓄水保墒和作物增产,为渭北旱塬区麦玉轮作田较适宜的轮耕模式。     

The effect of deficit irrigation on crop yield and vegetative development of Olea europaea L. (cvs. Frantoio and Leccino)

Water is the most important environmental constrain determining plant growth and fruit yield of olive tree plantations. Although olive trees are resilient to water-limited conditions of Mediterranean-type agroecosystems, crop yields may respond positively to any additional water up to a limit. A field experiment on olive trees was carried out with the aim to present guidelines for efficient management of irrigation scheduling, based on the relationship between plant water status and optimum fruit yield. These relationships were monitored during 2 years by analysing the influence of deficit irrigation strategies on vegetative development and yield parameters on mature modern-trained olive trees of cvs. Frantoio and Leccino. Treatments were: a non-irrigated control (rainfed) and three treatments that received seasonal water amount equivalent to 33, 66 and 100% of ET_C in the period August–September, from the beginning of pit hardening to early fruit veraison. Atmospheric evaporative demand and soil moisture conditions were regularly monitored. Seasonal dynamics of plant water relations varied among treatments, and responded to variations in tree water status, soil moisture conditions and atmospheric evaporative demand. All measurements of tree water status were highly correlated with one another. Differences in yield between treatments indicated that water availability might have affected fruit weight before flowering or during the early stages of fruit growth rather than later in summer season. Results concerning crop yield revealed that irrigation of olive trees from the beginning of pit hardening could be recommended, at least in the experimental conditions of this study and in view of differences between genotypes.     

Water use of spring wheat to raise water productivity

In semi-arid environments with a shortage of water resources and a risk of overexplotation of water supplies, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a crop that can reduce water use and increase water productivity, because it takes advantage of spring rainfall and is harvested before the evaporative demands of summer. We carried out an experiment in 2003 at “Las Tiesas” farm, located between Barrax and Albacete (Central Spain), to improve accuracy in the estimation of wheat evapotranspiration (ETc) by using a weighing lysimeter. The measured seasonal ETc averages (5.63 mm day⁻¹) measured in the lysimeter was 417 mm compared to the calculated ETc values (5.31 mm day⁻¹) calculated with the standard FAO methodology of 393 mm. The evapotranspiration crop coefficient (Kc) derived from lysimetric measurements was Kc-mid: 1.20 and Kc-end: 0.15. The daily lysimeter Kc values were fit to the evolution linearly related to the green cover fraction (fc), which follows the crop development pattern. Seasonal soil evaporation was estimated as 135 mm and the basal crop coefficient approach was calculated in this study, Kcb which separates crop transpiration from soil evaporation (evaporation coefficient, Ke) was calculated and related to the green cover fraction (fc) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained by field radiometry in case of wheat. The results obtained by this research will permit the reduction of water use and improvement of water productivity for wheat, which is of vital importance in areas of limited water resources.     

The impact of increasing farm size and mechanization on rural income and rice production in Zhejiang province,China

Economic growth in China’s agricultural sector lags behind growth in industry and services, creating an ever widening rural–urban income gap. Development of the non-agricultural sectors offers new opportunities for farmers in China’s more advanced provinces such as Zhejiang. Increased income in the urban sector creates markets for new products, and migrating farmers rent their land to those staying. Until now, the prevailing rice-based systems have been managed mainly using manual labour and animal traction, but the larger farms resulting from migration may facilitate, or even require mechanization. In this study, we use a simulation model of the farm household to analyse the effects of increasing farm size and the transition from rice to vegetable production, while also studying the effects of mechanization.