丛生竹材纤维形态及主要理化性能

对１０属４１种丛生竹材纤维形态、组织比量、纤维素含量和基本密度进行了分析。结果表明，４１种竹材纤维长度为１．８８～３．０４ｍｍ，平均２．３７ｍｍ；纤维宽度为１２．４～２０．８μｍ，平均１６．６μｍ，长宽比为１０１～２１０之间，平均１４５；壁腔比为２．３～５．０，平均３．６；纤维组织比量１３．８７％～５４，９６％，平均４４．３５％（薄壁组织比量３４．３６％～７５．１１％，平均４５．０７％；输导组织比量６．８２％～１５．６６％，平均１０．５８％）；纤维素含量４２．３３％～５２．０８％，平均４８．０５％；基本密度０．４４０～０．８１７ｇ／ｃｍ￣３，平均０．６８０ｇ／ｍ￣３。从纤维形态和纤维素含量来看，丛生竹材作为造纸原料优于散生竹材。     

水产养殖参数无线测量网络的长生命周期研究

在水产养殖参数的无线测控网络中,测量节点能耗不均匀,个别节点由于能耗大过早失效,降低了网络的有效生命周期。该文对采用平面路由协议和低能量自适应分群分层路由协议(LEACH)的测控网络进行对比试验,发现采用LEACH协议网络的有效生命周期延长19%以上。在LEACH协议的水质参数测量网络中存在2个缺陷:一方面无线测控网络中每个簇的簇首功耗远远大于普通节点,LEACH协议通过等概率随机选择簇首部分改善了节点能耗的均衡性,但水产养殖参数监控中每个簇首功耗不同,为此在LEACH优化协议中依据节点剩余能量的多少选择簇首,使节点的剩余能量更趋均衡;另一方面水产养殖池中距离基站较远的节点容易提前失效,主要是因为监控面积大,簇首节点与基站采用单跳通信,远距离节点被选为簇首后向基站发送数据通信距离远,路径损耗采用多路径衰落信道模型,衰减指数为4。在优化协议中,对远距离簇首与基站通信采用双跳通信,使路径损耗采用自由空间信道模型,衰减指数为2。试验表明,无线传感网络有效生命周期延长了8%,各节点失效时间更趋接近。     

棉秆田间起拔力测量系统设计与试验

为探讨土壤、棉秆直径、起拔角度等因素对棉秆起拔阻力的影响,该文基于虚拟仪器技术,设计了一套棉秆田间起拔力实时测量系统并进行了棉秆起拔阻力测试试验。该系统由起拔力测量机械装置和起拔力测量软件组成,采用LabVIEW进行编程,实现了信号的采集读取、分析运算、实时显示及保存。利用万能材料试验机对该系统测量精度进行了标定,结果显示测量负载最大相对误差为0.4%。分别在土壤干基含水率26.93%、28.13%、25.44%;起拔角度30°、40°、50°;起拔线速度6..28和9.42mm/s条件下,以土壤含水率、棉秆根部直径、起拔角度、起拔线速度为影响因素,进行了田间棉秆起拔力测量单因素试验。试验结果表明,土壤含水率对棉秆起拔力存在影响,棉秆起拔力随棉秆根部直径增大而增大;对起拔角度和起拔线速度的回归分析表明,起拔角度对棉秆起拔力存在显著影响,起拔线速度对棉秆起拔力的影响受土壤条件差异影响,在土壤含水率较低（坚实度高）时,起拔线速度对起拔力影响显著;试验条件下最优起拔角度为30°,最优起拔线速度为6.28 mm/s。该系统能快速完成棉秆起拔力的测试,采集的数据可为棉秆收获机械设计提供参考;合理选择棉秆收获机械起拔角度,有利于减少动力消耗、提高生产效率。     

Do habitat measurements in the vicinity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr matter?

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr habitat characterisation is usually performed by in situ measures of key environmental variables taken at the exact fish location if the fishing gear allows precise pinpointing of this location, or in large sampling sections covering a river reach or mesohabitat, often ignoring variability in the immediate vicinity around individual fish. These data may be critically important in the development and validation of habitat preference models. The influences of seven increasing distances of measures, the variation of the number of considered measures and the depth of velocity measurement (bottom or 0.6 of the depth) in the calculations of HSI (Habitat Suitability Index) from a multiple‐experts fuzzy model of Atlantic salmon parr habitat were tested. When a parr was present, six measures collected in a 50‐cm radius around the fish to provide an average measure as input data and velocity measured at 60% of the depth gave the highest HSI values. These results show some potential for the use of an intermediate study scale, between micro‐ and mesohabitat, and questions how fish habitat conditions are currently measured.     

基于浮标原理的原位高频检测电导率变送仪设计

为了实时监测水域盐度的变化及动态分析其盐度值常年分布规律,该文设计了一种基于浮标原理原位高频检测电导率的变送装置。所设计变送器选用低功耗的MSP430F149微处理器,通过SIM300的GPRS通讯模块,在河流、湖泊和水产养殖场等水域实现了GPRS网络覆盖区域内的远程数据采集。系统选用线性插值的方法对其中的温度电导率传感器进行了温度补偿,补偿精度为±5%FSC。该研究成果可为野外水域水质在线监测提供一种有效的解决方法。     

四川会理县农业地质灾害形成机理及危害研究

在遥感解译和野外调查的基础上,对会理县农业地质灾害进行归类和分区,从地形地貌、地质结构及岩性组合、气候、地震和人类活动等方面探讨了地质灾害的形成原因,分析了其对农业生产的危害,并提出了防治措施。     

河西走廊绿洲区沙尘暴灾害的发生及其防治

甘肃省河西走廊绿洲地区是严重受荒漠化威胁的地区，而沙尘暴在该区的发生强烈地影响了当地人民的日常生活和社会经济的发展。尽管河西地区的沙尘暴和当地的自然因素息息相关，但人类的活动加剧了现代沙漠化的发展进程。恶劣的自然条件，如持续干旱、大风天气、丰富的沙源、植被稀疏、滥用水、土地以及植物资源等，导致了河西绿州区沙尘暴的频频发生。从沙尘暴的发生和发展的原因予以分析，最后提出了切实可行的防治措施。     

规模化畜禽养殖场环境影响评价与实例研究

以天津某大型种猪场为例,从污染源与污染物、评价标准与评价因子、预测模式与环境保护措施等方面探讨了规模化畜禽养殖场环境影响评价过程.     

Influence of treatment temperature and duration on selected biological, mechanical, physical and optical properties of thermally modified timber

The impact of heat-treatment temperature (180, 200, 210, 220 and 240°C) and various heat-treatment durations on selected biological, mechanical, optical and physical properties of thermally modified timber (TMT) was determined. The suitability of different measures for prediction of the treatment intensity was also investigated. Resistance to impact milling (RIM), lightness L*, equilibrium moisture content (EMC), and antiswelling efficiency (ASE) were correlated with corresponding fungal resistance achieved by heat treatments. The results show that the decrease in mass by heat treatments is a suitable measurand to describe the treatment intensity, which is a product of treatment temperature and duration, where the impact of temperature is dominant over the impact of time. The properties examined showed a strong reciprocally proportional relationship with the decrease in mass. Different correlations were found for the various treatment temperatures: the higher the temperature applied, the lower the decrease in mass required for an equivalent improvement in certain wood properties, e.g. biological durability, EMC and dimensional stability. However, mass loss by Poria placenta correlated well with RIM, lightness L*, EMC and ASE of the different heat-treated specimens, depending on the heat-treatment temperature. Consequently, a reliable estimation of improved fungal resistance of TMT, as well as quality control of TMT in general, requires certain process information.     

Measuring Field Rill Erodibility by a Simplified Method

Many process‐oriented erosion prediction models reproduce rill erosion as affected by site‐specific parameters, as for example, rill erodibility, and thus, their practical application requires the measurement of these parameters or their estimate. The aim of this paper was establishing a method for indirectly measuring field rill erodibility. A simple mathematical approach based on a known soil detachment equation and accounting for the rill erosion dynamic process is applied. Field measurements carried out for seven natural rainfall events occurring at the plots of the Sparacia experimental station, southern Italy, are used for indirectly measuring the rill erodibility of the investigated soil. This method needs only the knowledge of the geometric characteristics of the rills at the end of the erosion event and the event duration. The method was also tested by using the Water Erosion Prediction Project database, and this analysis showed that a reliable value of rill erodibility can be obtained by the proposed Equation 18 . The proposed method has the following advantages: (i) to be applicable at field scale, being more realistic than the laboratory scale because the soil structure is not destroyed, and (ii) to avoid the disadvantages of field experiments such as the cumbersome experimental set‐up and the large volume of water inflow needed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.