Influence of gossypol from dietary cottonseed meal on haematology, reproductive steroids and tissue gossypol enantiomer concentrations in male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) males were fed, during a 9‐month period, five experimental diets where fishmeal proteins were gradually replaced with cottonseed meal (CS) proteins (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%; diets 1–5, respectively). This study was carried out to evaluate the action and tissue concentrations of gossypol. Growth performance of fish was not affected with the increasing levels of CS in the diets. Haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit significantly decreased in fish fed 100% CS compared with other dietary treatments. Gonadosomatic index, plasma sex steroids (testosterone, 11‐ketotestosterone and 17,20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one) and sperm characteristics (concentration, motility, protein concentration and lactate dehydrogenase activity) were not negatively affected by increasing levels of CS. For the first time, a comprehensive study of gossypol concentrations, total and (+) and (?)‐enantiomers, in several tissues (liver, blood plasma, spermatozoa and seminal plasma) was performed. The concentrations of both (+) and (?)‐enantiomers significantly increased with increasing levels of CS in the diet. The highest concentrations were found in the liver of fish fed diet 5 (185 ± 18 μg g^?1). In blood plasma, the concentrations of total gossypol were 10 times lower than the one found in the liver, but 10 and 100 times higher than the concentrations in the spermatozoa and seminal plasma, respectively. In all tissues studied, the concentration of (+)‐enantiomer was higher than the (?)‐enantiomer. The ratio (?)‐enantiomer/total gossypol did not change significantly with the increasing levels of CS in the diet. The results of the present study indicate that CS can be used over a period of 9 months to replace fishmeal proteins completely without compromising growth and reproduction of rainbow trout males.     

氯化钠影响山羊尿沉渣——磷酸钾镁生成作用的机理研究

本实验在山羊饲喂棉饼日粮时，分别添加２％、４％、６％棉饼量的ＮａＣｌ，以探讨添加ＮａＣｌ对饲喂棉饼所致的磷酸钾镁尿沉渣生成作用的影响。结果表明，添加ＮａＣｌ后，磷酸钾镁尿沉渣生成量明显减少。其机理为：１．添加ＮａＣｌ后，能使饮水量、尿量增加，尿液ｐＨ值降低，从而减少尿液中磷酸钾镁的析出。２．添加ＮａＣｌ后能降低血清醛固酮含量，导致尿钾浓度降低，从而降低了磷酸钾镁生成的速率。本实验还对比了三种ＮａＣ     

棉花油酸脱饱和酶基因ghFAD2-1倒位重复构建的遗传转化研究

以种子特异性表达的大豆凝集素基因启动子、终止子以及棉花△ 12脱饱和酶基因ghFAD2 - 1进行倒位重复基因构建 ,以农杆菌介导法转化陆地棉品种Coker315。经PCR及Southern杂交证实倒位重复基因已转入棉花中。种子内脂肪酸含量分析结果表明 ,该倒位重复基因构建的表达及沉默效应在不同的转基因品系间存在差异 ,油酸由对照的 19 6 %提高到 2 6 0 %～ 77 8% ,其余组份含量则明显下降     

Serum and liver lipids in rats fed diets containing corn oil,cottonseed oil,or a mixture of corn and cottonseed oils

Previous research has demonstrated that the total replacement of corn oil (CO) with cottonseed oil (CSO) in the diets of growing male rats results in a lowering of the total cholesterol (TC) concentration in the serum. It is not, however, known if a partial replacement of dietary CO with CSO would be sufficient to lower TC levels, nor is the effect of replacing dietary CO with CSO on other indices of cholesterol status (e.g., the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], non-HDL-C [i.e., very-low and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol], or the TC/HDL-C ratio). Growing male rats were fed diets having CO, CSO, or a CO/CSO (1:1, w/w) oil mixture (OM) as the source of dietary oil (diet groups CO, CSO, and OM, respectively). There were no differences between CO and OM groups for TC, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, or the TC/HDL-C ratio. However, TC was significantly lower (p 0.05)for the CSO group than the CO group (2.85 vs. 3.23 mmol/l, or 110 vs. 125 mg/dl, respectively) as was HDL-C (1.83 vs. 2.13 mmol/l, or 71 vs. 82 mg/dl, respectively), but there were no differences between these groups for non-HDL-C or the TC/HDL-C ratio. Diet had no effect on serum triglycerides (TGs) or on total liver content of either cholesterol or TGs. Thus, partial (50%) replacement of CO with CSO was without effect on any of these serum indices of cholesterol status, but total replacement resulted in lower TC and HDL-C, without affecting non-HDL-C or the TC/HDL-C ratio. Because, relative to CO, CSO has higher levels of saturated fatty acids but lower levels of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, the cholesterol-lowering effect of CSO appears to be unrelated to its fatty acid composition, and may be caused by a component of its nonsaponifiable fraction.     

Fatty Acid Composition of Serum,Adipose Tissue,and Liver in Rats Fed Diets Containing Corn Oil or Cottonseed Oil

There have been few studies on the effect of cottonseed oil (CSO), one of the most commonly used vegetable oils in the United States, on indices of lipid status either in the rat or in any other species. Previous studies with rats have focused on the effect of CSO, versus that of other vegetable oils, on the concentration of cholesterol in serum and liver or on a limited number of fatty acids in serum, adipose tissue, or liver. The present study was designed to compare more fully than in previous studies the effect of CSO to that of corn oil (CO) on the fatty acid composition of serum, adipose tissue, and liver. Two groups of male rats (n=10 each) were used, each fed one of two purified diets containing 100 g/kg of either CO or CSO. Between-group differences included higher values (mol% total fatty acids) in adipose tissue for palmitic acid and stearic acid, but lower values in serum, adipose tissue, and liver for cis-vaccenic acid and oleic acid (C18:1n-9) for the CSO group than the CO. In addition, values in serum, adipose tissue, and liver for -linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and its metabolite, docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3), were lower for the CSO group than the CO. There was no effect of diet on serum or tissue levels of n-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid, dihomo--linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid). Differences in fatty acid compositions noted, e.g., those for C18:1n-9 and C22:6n-3, mainly reflected compositional differences between the two oils. Thus, use of CSO rather than CO affected serum and tissue concentrations of saturated, monounsaturated, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) but had no effect on n-6 PUFA status.     

松乳菇固态发酵棉粕脱毒条件的研究

[目的]对松乳菇固态发酵棉粕脱毒的发酵条件进行优化,以期获得最佳的发酵工艺参数。[方法]采用单因素单因子法研究了碳源、氮源、无机盐含量以及温度、起始pH、料液比、接种量等因素对游离棉酚降解率的影响,在此基础上,采用响应面法评价了发酵温度、起始pH、料液比、接种量及其交互作用对游离棉酚降解率的影响,用Design-Expert 8.0.5b软件分析试验数据,建立了松乳菇固体发酵棉粕发酵条件的数学模型。[结果]研究表明,适宜的发酵培养基组成为:棉粕与麦麸的比例6∶4,(NH4)2SO40.75%,KH2PO40.15%,MgSO4·7H2O 0.05%;适宜的发酵条件为:温度28℃,初始pH 6.6,料液比1∶1.4 g/ml,接种量10%。优化后的发酵条件为:温度28℃,初始pH 6.6,固水比1∶1.38 g/ml,接种量10.38%。在此条件下,游离棉酚的降解率达到87.702 3%。[结论]研究可为棉籽饼粕的深度开发和生产棉籽蛋白提供参考依据。     

Evaluation of cotton byproducts as fillers for poly(lactic acid) and low density polyethylene

Polymeric composites based on cotton burr and cottonseed bull have been prepared by melt blending and extrusion. For poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), addition of the fillers slightly changed the composite's thermal properties but significantly decreased the composite's mechanical properties. Heat treatment prior to extrusion resulted in composites with better tensile strength and Young's modulus. The use of maleic anhydride and peroxide only slightly improved the physical properties of the LDPE materials, but the effect was less clear for the PLA materials. The PLA-filler composites may be useful for lowering the cost of the materials in applications that can tolerate the decreased properties. In addition, the addition of fillers to LDPE might be beneficial in applications to improve stiffness or to improve biodegradability.     

乳酸菌发酵豆粕、菜籽粕和棉籽粕过程中总糖和还原糖含量变化的研究

利用DNS法对乳酸菌发酵豆粕、菜籽粕和棉籽粕的总糖和还原糖含量进行测定,研究了不同发酵时间这3种粕类饲料总糖和还原糖含量的变化,得出乳酸菌具有较强的-半乳糖苷酶活性,能够降解总糖使得还原糖含量增加,发酵72h时,总糖的含量分别下降了17.4%、33.26%和27.35%,而还原糖含量增加了6.47倍、10.15倍和1.73倍。     

种植密度对棉籽生物量和脂肪与蛋白质含量的影响

以科棉1号和美棉33B为材料,2008年在江苏南京(118o50′E,32o02′N,长江流域下游棉区)和河南安阳(114°13′E,36°04′N,黄河流域黄淮棉区)设置密度试验,研究种植密度对棉籽生物量和脂肪与蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,不同种植密度条件下,棉籽生物量和脂肪含量的变化过程均符合Logistic生长曲线。随种植密度的增大,籽指和脂肪含量降低,且存在显著的线性负相关关系。而各密度处理棉籽蛋白质含量的变化过程均近似于V字型,随种植密度的增大,棉籽蛋白质含量呈开口向下的抛物线变化趋势,南京、安阳试点分别以每公顷3.3和5.1万株密度处理的棉籽蛋白质含量最高。品种、生态点和开花期对棉籽生物量和脂肪与蛋白质含量的形成动态及其对种植密度的响应趋势没有明显影响。不同种植密度对棉籽生物量和脂肪与蛋白质含量的影响与群体冠层光照条件变化密切相关。稀植强光有利于提高棉籽生物量和脂肪含量,而过高和过低密度均不利于棉籽蛋白质的合成与累积。     

棉籽饼粕脱毒方法研究进展

综述了棉籽粕的营养特性、目前使用的脱毒方法以及棉饼在畜禽业上的应用现状及存在问题 ,并对应用前景作了展望