Three new algorithms to calculate the irreplaceability index for presence/absence data

The irreplaceability index is used for determining the priority of sites for conservation. We propose three new and simple algorithms for calculating it from presence/absence data without any statistical assumptions when the representative combination size is the minimum. The rare species algorithm gives accurate results but takes the longest calculation time. The species richness algorithm gives approximated results and takes the shortest calculation time. The combined algorithm is intermediate in accuracy and calculation time. We applied the combined algorithm to real data of butterflies in the Kanto district, central Japan, and derived irreplaceability values.     

舒城县油茶产业发展存在的问题及建议

阐述了舒城县油茶产业的发展现状,从经济效益不高、品种老化、宣传力度不够等方面分析了存在的问题,并从加大宣传力度、积极搭建平台、建设示范基地、加强新品种及新技术研究、加强种苗管理、培养实用技术人员、支持专业合作组织发展等方面提出了发展建议,以促进舒城县油茶产业的发展。     

Climate change and nature conservation in Central European forests: A review of consequences, concepts and challenges

With a predicted rise in average global surface temperature at an unprecedented rate, as well as changes in precipitation and disturbance regimes, climate change will bring forth new challenges for nature conservation in forest ecosystems. Species and habitats to be protected will be affected as well as related concepts and area specific objectives. Climate change impacts are likely to be aggravated by other anthropogenic stresses such as fragmentation, deposition or habitat destruction. To be reliable and effective, current objectives and guidelines of forest conservation need to be reassessed and improved. Our study analyses possible impacts of climate change on forests and identifies key future challenges for nature conservation in forests and ecosystem research. We reviewed 130 papers on climate change impacts on forest ecosystems and species published between 1995 and 2010. The geographical focus of the study is Central Europe. Papers were analysed accounting for direct and indirect impacts of gradual changes as well as stochastic disturbance events in forest ecosystems and their possible consequences for nature conservation.Even though broader aspects of nature conservation (protected areas, biodiversity) are frequently mentioned, little attention is given to forest-specific nature conservation. Particular aspects are insufficiently represented, such as the influence of climate change on different forest succession stages, the development of dead wood volume and quality, responses of secondary broadleaved species, azonal or extrazonal forests as well as ancient woodlands or remnants of historical silvicultural systems. Challenges arise in the context of great uncertainties about future developments. Nature conservation concepts and objectives in forests need to be adapted either within a permanent evaluation process or through the inclusion of further changes a priori, even if they are to some extent unpredictable. In some cases adaptation measures within nature conservation (e.g. adjusting protected areas) may conflict with interests of other stakeholders. Further research, particularly on interrelations between different impacts and the adaptive capacity of current forest ecosystems, associated species and existing genotypes is urgently needed. The scale and complexity of the task at hand calls for the establishment and further strengthening of international research networks.     

云南省核桃产业发展现状及对策分析

核桃产业是云南省高原特色现代农业的重点产业和脱贫攻坚的支撑产业。分析云南省核桃产业发展现状,结果表明:云南省核桃产业发展较快,但存在粗放式经营管理,资金和技术投入不足,市场销售、质量标准和社会化服务体系不完善,深加工能力不足等诸多问题。在此基础上提出向集约化经营管理转变,加大资金与技术投入,完善云南省核桃地方标准体系,加强市场销售网络体系建设,加大核桃加工龙头企业扶持力度,建立健全社会化服务体系等核桃产业发展对策。     

田间土壤压实研究现状

在综述国内外农机土壤压实研究进展的基础上,结合土壤压实形成过程,从土壤含水量、耕作方式、农业机械3方面,内外因相结合的角度分析了影响田间土壤压实的因素。针对影响因素提出减缓土壤压实的可行性措施,总结了目前土壤压实研究中存在的问题和认识上的不足,并提出可行性建议。为进一步开展农业机械土壤压实方面研究提供参考。     

青海野生动植物资源分布特征与保护措施

青海省地处青藏高原,在全国具有特殊的区系分类地位和野生物种多样性,且种群、数量都十分丰富。对青海省野生动植物的区域分布特点进行概述,为加强保护管理提供了科学决策依据。实现全省生态系统的长期稳定和生物资源的合理利用。     

珠带鱼和带鱼未定种Trichiurus sp.2的分子系统进化关系

针对南海大型带鱼新种——珠带鱼(Trichiurus margarites Li,1992)与日本产带鱼未定种T.sp.2(sensu Nakabo,2002)之间的系统进化关系及分类地位不明确问题,本研究通过测定采自海南岛西岸珠带鱼的线粒体16S rRNA基因部分序列,结合已报道的T.sp.2及其近缘种的同源序列,对其16S rRNA基因序列变异进行分析。基于Kimura双参数模型计算,海南岛西岸珠带鱼与日本九州、海南岛东岸及印度洋T.sp.2间的净遗传距离(0.000～0.006)远低于属内其他种间的净遗传距离(0.037～0.061),表明二者的遗传分化程度处于种内水平。邻接法(NJ)和最大似然法(ML)构建的分子系统树显示,珠带鱼与T.sp.2以极高的置信度(NJ 100%,ML 96%)聚为一支单系,并与其他带鱼形成姐妹群。根据所得分子数据并结合形态学研究资料,可以确定日本产带鱼未定种即是珠带鱼,它广泛分布于印度西太平洋。综合3种带鱼属鱼类在西北太平洋的种间分化事件,对珠带鱼的起源及演化进行了初步推测。     

地理信息系统在林业上的应用现状及其前景

在概述地理信息系统(GIS)的概念、功能、应用领域的基础上，对GIS在林业资源管理与动态监测、林业专题图编制、森林经营与林业工程规划、森林病虫害管理、森林防火、林业地理信息系统的建立以及林业其他方面的应用现状进行了综述，并对GIS在林业中的应用前景进行了探讨，指出地理信息系统在林业上应用研究的重要性。     

Influence of plantation site and wastewater sludge fertilization on the performance and foliar nutrient status of two willow species grown under SRIC in southern Quebec (Canada)

Salix discolor Mühl. (Sd) and Salix viminalis L. (Sv) were planted under short-rotation intensive culture (SRIC) on three unirrigated abandoned farmland sites with different drainage conditions, one well-drained (S₁) and the other two poorly-drained (S₂, S₃). One dose of dried and granulated sludge equivalent to 150 (T₁) kg of “available” N ha⁻¹ was applied to some plots in the spring of the second season while others were left unfertilized (T₀). The aims of the experiment were (i) to investigate plant response (growth and productivity) to plantation site conditions and sludge application; (ii) study nutrient status by foliar analysis. Over three seasons, growth in height and aboveground biomass were greater for S. viminalis than for S. discolor on all sites. S. viminalis planted on poorly-drained site 2 had the highest biomass yield (45.28 t ha⁻¹). Both species showed best height and diameter growth on poorly-drained sites. For both species, best performances were obtained on wastewater sludge fertilized plots. Comparative foliar analysis suggested that unfertilized sandy soil (S₁) and low foliar nitrogen concentration and content were limiting factors in the performance of the two species. Soil nitrate concentration increased as a result of sludge application. Heavy metal accumulation from sludge does not represent a risk to the environment. It was concluded that S. viminalis had the best productivity on clay sites, and that a moderate dose of dried and pelleted sludge (150 kg of “available” N ha⁻¹) may be a good fertilizer during the establishment of willows in SRIC, and may reduce nitrate leaching.     

不同超干方法与几种蔬菜种子储藏效应的研究

 采用硅胶干燥、真空冷冻干燥、低温低湿干燥以及加温干燥4 种方法将6 种蔬菜种子的含水量降到5 %以下, 在常温储存条件下保存10 年后进行的发芽试验表明其发芽率与10 年前比较没有明显变化, , 唯加温干燥的种子降低了萌发时抵抗逆境的活力, 种子生活力均未降低。